Tumor biomarkers and use thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are biomarkers related to WNT signal transduction pathway, as well as methods and kits comprising the same. Further, the present disclosure relates to the use of the biomarkers in patient selection, companion diagnostics, and treatment of cancer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/166,305, filed on May 26,2015, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to biomarkers related to WNT signaltransduction pathway, as well as methods and kits comprising the same.Further, the present invention relates to the use of the biomarkers inpatient selection, companion diagnostics, and treatment of cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is a class of diseases that affects people world-wide. Generally,cells in a benign tumor retain their differentiated features and do notdivide in a completely uncontrolled manner. A benign tumor is usuallylocalized and non-metastatic.

In a malignant tumor, cells become undifferentiated, do not respond tothe body's growth control signals, and multiply in an uncontrolledmanner. Malignant tumors are generally divided into two categories:primary and secondary. Primary tumors arise directly from the tissue inwhich they are found. Secondary tumors may be originated from theprimary tumors or may be originated elsewhere in the body, and arecapable of spreading to distant sites (metastasizing) or metastasis. Thecommon routes for metastasis are direct growth into adjacent structures,spread through the vascular or lymphatic systems or blood streams.

WNT signaling is important to both embryogenesis and homeostasis inadult animals. The WNT pathway is comprised in general of a network ofproteins that regulate the following processes: (1) the production andsecretion of WNT proteins; (2) the binding of WNT with cellularreceptors; and (3) the intracellular transduction of the biochemicalresponses triggered by the interaction (Mikels and Nusse, 2006;MacDonald, 2009; Moon, 2005).

The so-called canonical WNT pathway triggered by binding of WNT proteinsto cell surface co-receptors Frizzled LRP5/6 results in a change in theamount of β-catenin that reaches the nucleus where it interacts withTCF/LEF family transcription factors to promote transcription ofspecific genes.

The non-canonical WNT pathway transduced by a different set ofintracellular proteins controls planar cell polarity in insects andseveral processes such as gastrulation in vertebrates.

WNT signaling is also known for its roles in controlling pluripotencyand differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells (Nusse, 2008). Forexample, formation of the primitive streak during gastrulation wasassociated with localized WNT activation in the embryoid bodies (TenBerge, 2008). The derivation of a number of cell types, such as heartcells, pancreatic beta cells, dopminergic neurons and liver hepatocytesfrom embryonic stem cells or iPS cells is influenced by WNT modulation(Yang, 2008; D'Amour, 2006; Inestrosa and Arenas, 2010; Sullivan, 2010).The WNT pathway plays a particularly important role in skeletal tissuedevelopment such as osteogenesis and chondrogenesis (Hoeppner, 2009;Chun, 2008). WNT signaling is also associated with neuro-regeneration ofthe adult central nervous system (Lie, 2005).

Diseases may arise from altered WNT pathway activity. For example,hyperactivation of the canonical WNT pathway can lead to aberrant cellgrowth (Reya and Clevers, 2005). Notably, 90% of colorectal cancers areinitiated by the loss of the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) gene, asuppressor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway (Kinzler and Vogelstein, 1996).Increased expression of WNT proteins and loss of extracellularinhibitors that normally suppress WNT protein function may give rise toWNT-dependent tumors (Polakis, 2007). On the other hand, thenon-canonical WNT pathway has also been shown to play a role in theprogression of certain cancers (Camilli and Weeraratna, 2010). Morerecently, WNT signaling is also implicated in cancer stem cells(Takahashi-Yanaga and Kahn, 2010).

Evidence suggests that targeting the Wnt-mediated signal transductionpathway would be therapeutically useful in a broad range of diseases(Barker and Clevers, 2006). Mutations of APC, beta-catenin or axin-1leading to constitutive activation of the canonical Wnt pathway arecritical events in a variety of human cancers including colorectalcancer, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, ovariancancer and others (Polakis, 2007). Blockade of the Wnt pathway in avariety of cancers using either genetic or chemical approaches has beenshown to abrogate aberrant cell growth (Herbst and Kolligs, 2007).Furthermore, inhibition of this pathway may directly influence the cellsthat sustain cancer cell growth and enable metastasis, and that arethought to be resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic agents.

In addition to activation caused by mutations of gene productsdownstream of the receptors, aberrant Wnt pathway activity caused byother mechanisms have been associated with a broad range of cancers.These cancers include but not limited to: lung (small cell and non-smallcell), breast, prostate, carcinoid, bladder, scarcinoma, esophageal,ovarian, cervical, endometrial, mesothelioma, melanoma, sarcoma,osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, thyroid, desmoids, chronic myelocyticleukemia (AML), and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). There are nowmultiple examples of cancer cells dependent upon upregulated autocrineor paracrine Wnt signaling, and cell lines from osteosarcoma, breast,head and neck and ovarian cancers have been shown to derive protectionfrom apoptosis by autocrine or paracrine Wnt signaling (Kansara, 2009;Bafico, 2004; Akin, 2009; DeAlmeida, 2007; Chan, 2007; Chen, 2009; Rhee,2002).

Furthermore, aberrant Wnt pathway has been implicated in the developmentof fibrosis, include but are not limited to: lung fibrosis, such asidiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation-induced fibrosis, renalfibrosis and liver fibrosis (Morrisey, 2003; Hwang, 2009; Cheng, 2008).

Other disorders associated with aberrant WNT signaling, include but arenot limited to bone and cartilage disorders, such as osteoporosis andosteoarthritis, obesity associated type II diabetes, andneurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Hoeppner, 2009;Ouchi, 2010; Blom, 2010; Boonen, 2009). WNT signaling also contributesto the self-renewal and maintenance of HSC's, and dysfunctional WNTsignaling is responsible for various disorders resulting from HSC's,such as leukemias and various other blood related cancers (Reya, 2005).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally provides biomarkers related WNT pathway,and the use of such biomarker in patient selection for treatment ofdiseases, such as cancer.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for treatingcancer characterized by expression of an R-spondin fusion in a subjectthat has been diagnosed with cancer and is in need of such treatment,comprising: administering to a subject diagnosed with cancer apharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof an antagonist of Porcupine, wherein said subject has been determinedto have an R-spondin fusion.

In some embodiments, the R-spondin fusion comprising: (1) aPTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 fusion; (2) a PTPRKe7-Rspo3e2 fusion; (3) anElF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion; or (4) an ElF3Ee1-Rspo2e3 fusion.

In some embodiments, the R-spondin fusion comprising: (1) anEMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (2) a PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (3) a PVT1-Rspo2e3fusion; (4) an HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion; (5) a PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion; or(6) a PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion.

In some embodiments, the subject is determined to have R-spondin mRNAexpression level that is higher than the R-spondin mRNA expression levelin a control subject that has been determined that does not have aR-spondin fusion.

In some embodiments, the Rspondin fusion comprises a junction sequenceof any one of SEQ ID NO.:58, SEQ ID.:59, SEQ ID NO.:62, or SEQ IDNO.:63.

In some embodiments, the EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:64.

In some embodiments, the PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:65.

In some embodiments, the PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:66.

In some embodiments, the HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:67.

In some embodiments, the PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:61.

In some embodiments, the PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:60.

In some embodiments, the Rspondin is Rspo2 or Rsp3, and the fusion geneis overexpressed in comparision to the Rspondin that is not fused toanother gene.

In some embodiments, the Porcupine antagonist comprises a compound ofFormula (I):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, whereinX₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, X₈ are independently CR₄ or N;Y₁ is hydrogen or CR₄; Y₂, Y₃ are independently hydrogen, halo or CR₃;R₁ is morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;R₂ is hydrogen, halo, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;R₃ is hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy optionallysubstituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano.

In some embodiments, the 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl is selected from:

wherein,R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano; andR₈ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ and R₂ is independently substituted with 1 or 2R₄ groups.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from:6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;

-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   3-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   6-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-m-tolyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyridazin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-morpholino-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(8-((4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)amino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-methylbenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (S)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (R)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   1-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)ethanone;-   6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(oxazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   methyl    4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-2-one;-   2-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)acetonitrile;-   2-methyl-4-(4-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)phenyl)pyridine    1-oxide;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)benzonitrile;-   N-(3-methoxy-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-chloro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2′-methyl-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carbonitrile;    and    N-(4-(2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine.

In some embodiments, the Porcupine antagonist comprises a compound ofthe following Formula (II):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X¹, X², X³ and X⁴ is selected from N and CR⁷;one of X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ is N and the others are CH;X⁹ is selected from N and CH;Z is selected from phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl andpiperazinyl; wherein each phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl orpiperazinyl of Z is optionally substituted with an R⁶ group;R¹, R² and R³ are hydrogen:m is 1;R⁴ is selected from hydrogen, halo, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl andmethyl;R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, halo and —C(O)R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is methyl;andR⁷ is selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, methyl and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group of:

-   N-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2-[5-methyl-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]acetamide;-   2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide    (LGK974);-   N-(2,3′-bipyridin-6′-yl)-2-(2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;    and-   2-(2-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide;    and a-   pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of thecompound is about 0.01 to 20 mg/kg per body weight at daily dosages.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of thecompound from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg for humans.

In some embodiments, wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, gastriccancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, intestinal cancer, bile ductcancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, or prostate cancer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method fordetermining whether a subject with cancer should be treated with acomposition that inhibits Wnt activity, the method comprising: (a)isolating a biological sample from the subject; (b) performing an assayon the biological sample to identify the presence or absence of anR-spondin fusion; and (c) determining that the subject should be treatedwith a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of anantagonist of Porcupine if the biological sample contains an R-spondinfusion.

In some embodiments, the R-spondin fusion comprising: (1) aPTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 fusion; (2) a PTPRKe7-Rspo3e2 fusion; (3) anEIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion; or (4) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e3 fusion.

In some embodiments, the R-spondin fusion comprising: (1) anEMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (2) a PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (3) a PVT1-Rspo2e3fusion; (4) an HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion; (5) a PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion; or(6) a PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion.

In some embodiments, the subject is determined to have R-spondin mRNAexpression level that is higher than the R-spondin mRNA expression levelin a control subject that has been determined that does not have aR-spondin fusion.

In some embodiments, the -Rspondin fusion comprises a junction sequenceof any one of SEQ ID NO.:58, SEQ ID.:59, SEQ ID NO.:62, or SEQ ID NO.:63.

In some embodiments, the EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:64.

In some embodiments, the PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:65.

In some embodiments, the PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:66.

In some embodiments, the HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:67.

In some embodiments, the PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:61.

In some embodiments, the PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:60.

In some embodiments, the Rspondin is Rspo2 or Rsp3, and the fusion geneis overexpressed in comparision to the Rspondin that is not fused toanother gene.

In some embodiments, the Porcupine antagonist comprise a compound ofFormula (I):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, whereinX₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, X₈ are independently CR₄ or N;Y₁ is hydrogen or CR₄; Y₂, Y₃ are independently hydrogen, halo or CR₃;R₁ is morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;R₂ is hydrogen, halo, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;R₃ is hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy optionallysubstituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano.

In some embodiments, the 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl is selected from:

wherein,R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano; andR₈ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ and R₂ is independently substituted with 1 or 2R₄ groups.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;

-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   3-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   6-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-m-tolyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyridazin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-morpholino-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(8-((4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)amino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-methylbenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (S)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (R)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   1-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)ethanone;-   6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(oxazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   methyl    4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-2-one;-   2-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)acetonitrile;-   2-methyl-4-(4-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)phenyl)pyridine    1-oxide;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)benzonitrile;-   N-(3-methoxy-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-chloro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2′-methyl-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carbonitrile;    and    N-(4-(2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine.

In some embodiments, wherein the Porcupine antagonist comprises acompound of Formula (II):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X¹, X², X³ and X⁸ is selected from N and CR⁷;one of X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ is N and the others are CH;X⁹ is selected from N and CH;Z is selected from phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl andpiperazinyl;wherein each phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl or piperazinyl ofZ is optionally substituted with an R⁶ group;R¹, R² and R³ are hydrogen;m is 1;R⁴ is selected from hydrogen, halo, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl andmethyl;R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, halo and —C(O)R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is methyl;andR⁷ is selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, methyl and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group of:

-   N-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2-[5-methyl-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]acetamide;-   2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide    (LGK974);-   N-(2,3′-bipyridin-6′-yl)-2-(2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;    and-   2-(2-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide;    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide.

In some embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer, gastric cancer,liver cancer, esophageal cancer, intestinal cancer, bile duct cancer,pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, or prostate cancer.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 depicts Rspo2 Nanostring nCounter decision making chart.

FIG. 2 depicts Rspo3 Nanostring nCounter decision making chart.

FIG. 3 depicts validation of Nanostring nCounter genotyping assay withcharacterized tumor tissues (Table 7). The shade higlights an expectedpositive signal in the characterized sample. Signal count of Rspo2 exon1in L440 samples is close to the count in other exons, indicating theexpression of wild type Rspo2 transctipts instead of Rspo2 fusion inL440 tumor sample.

FIG. 4 depicts the quantitation of Rspo2 and Rspo3 transcripts byNanostring nCounter assay in tumor samples with and without Rspo2 fusionor Rspo3 fusion genes.

FIGS. 5A and 5B depicts the sequences of various Rspo2 (Table 8) andRspo3 (Table 9) gene fusions.

FIGS. 6A-6C depict anti-tumor effect of CGX1321 in the tumor modelscarrying RSPO3 Fusion Genes. FIG. 6A: Dose response of CGX1321 on CRC011PDX model of colorectal tumor with PTPRKe1-Rspo3 gene fusion that fusesexon1 of PTPRK to exon2 of Rspo3. Upon tumors reaching ˜150 mm³ size,various doses of CGX1321 were administered as indicated for 28 days.Tumor sizes were measured twice a week in each group (n=8animals/group). FIG. 6B: CRC141 colorectal tumor PDX model with type 2PTPRK-Rspo3 gene fusion that fuses exon7 of PTPRK to exon2 of Rspo3.Upon tumors reaching ˜150 mm³ size, CGX1321 was administered at 7.5mg/kg QD orally for 21 days. Tumor sizes were measured twice a week (n=8animals/group). FIG. 6C: CR2506 colorectal tumor PDX model with type3PTPRK-Rspo3 gene fusion that fuses exon13 to Rspo3 exon2. Left: Tumorgrowth curve of xenograft tumor CR2506 model without treatment in 12independent experiments as historical controls provided by the serviceprovider. Right: Tumor growth of CR2506 model with the treatment ofCGX1321 at 1 mg/kg QD orally for 28 days. Tumor sizes were measuredtwice a week in each group (n=4 animals/group).

FIGS. 7A-7C depict anti-tumor effect of CGX1321 in the tumor modelscarrying Rspo2 fusion genes. FIG. 7A: GA67 gastric tumor PDX model withEMC2e1-Rspo2e2 gene fusion that fuses exon1 of EMC2 to exon2 of Rspo2.Upon tumors reaching ˜100 mm³ size, CGX1321 was administered at 1 mg/kgQD orally for 28 days. Tumor sizes were measured twice a week (n=6animals/group). FIG. 7B: CR3056 colorectal tumor PDX model withPVT1e1-Rspo2e2 gene fusion that fuses exon1 of PVT1 to exon2 of Rspo2.Upon tumors reaching ˜100 mm³ size, CGX1321 was administered at 1 mg/kgQD orally for 28 days. Tumor sizes were measured twice a week in eachgroup (n=6 animals/group). FIG. 7C: GA3055 gastric tumor PDX model withHFN4G-Rspo2e2 gene fusion that fuses HFN4G 5′ end to Rspo2 exon2. (Left:Tumor growth without the treatment provided by the service provider.Right: Tumor growth with the treatment of CGX1321 at 1 mg/kg QD orallyfor 28 days. Tumor sizes were measured twice a week in each group (n=4animals/group).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference toexample applications for illustration. It should be understood thatnumerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth toprovide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skillin the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the inventioncan be practiced without one or more of the specific details or withother methods. The present invention is not limited by the illustratedordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different ordersand/or concurrently with other acts or events.

Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required toimplement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”,“includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used ineither the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms areintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill inthe art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured ordetermined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. Forexample, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation,per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range ofup to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and morepreferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularlywith respect to biological systems or processes, the term can meanwithin an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and morepreferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values aredescribed in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated theterm “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particularvalue should be assumed.

I. Definitions and Abbreviations

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereingenerally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally,the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in cellculture, molecular genetics, organic chemistry and nucleic acidchemistry and hybridization are those well known and commonly employedin the art. Standard techniques are used for nucleic acid and peptidesynthesis. The techniques and procedures are generally performedaccording to conventional methods in the art and various generalreferences, which are provided throughout this document. Thenomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in analyticalchemistry, and organic synthetic described below are those well-knownand commonly employed in the art. Standard techniques, or modificationsthereof, are used for chemical syntheses and chemical analyses.

As used herein, “WNT signaling pathway” or “WNT pathway” refers to thepathway by which binding of the WNT protein to cellular receptorsresults in changes of cell behavior. The WNT pathway involves a varietyof proteins including Frizzled, Disheveled, Axin, APC, GSK3β, β-catenin,LEF/TCF transcription factors, and molecules involved in the synthesisand secretion of WNT proteins. Examples of proteins implicated in thesecretion of functional WNTs include, but are not limited towntless/evenness interrupted (Wls/Evi), porcupine (Porcn), and Vps35p.Wls/Evi is a 7 pass transmembrane protein which resides in the Golgiapparatus and is required for secretion of Wg (drosophila) MOM-2 (c.elegans) and Wnt3A. It contains a conserved structural motif whosestructure and function are both unknown. Porcupine (Porcn) is a memberof the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) family of palmitoyltransferases. Fatty acid modification of Wnts is critical for theirfunction. Wnts are palmitoylated on one or two highly conserved sites.Inhibitors of Porcn may therefore block all functional Wnt signaling.Vps35p is a subunit of a multiprotein complex called the retromercomplex which is involved in intracellular protein trafficking. Vps35pfunctions in binding target proteins like WNTs for recruitment intovesicles.

An “Wnt inhibitor” as used herein reduces the activity of Wnt pathway.Wnt inhibitors are compounds which can inhibit the Wnt signalingpathways, and include the PORCN inhibitors. This inhibition may include,for example, inhibiting PORCN, and its palmitoylation of Wnt, orreducing the association between the Wnt pathway components includingFrizzled and Disheveled. Preferably a Wnt inhibitor is a PORCNinhibitor.

The term “a method of inhibiting WNT pathway” refers to methods ofinhibiting known biochemical events associated with production offunctional WNT proteins or with cellular responses to WNT proteins. Asdiscussed herein, small organic molecules may inhibit WNT response inaccordance with this definition.

“WNT protein” is a protein binds to Frizzled and LRP5/6 co-receptors soas to activate canonical or non-canonical WNT signaling. Specificexamples of WNT proteins include: WNT-1 (NM005430), WNT-2 (NM003391),WNT-2B/WNT-13 (NM004185), WNT-3 (NM030753), WNT3a (NM033131), WNT-4(NM030761), WNT-5A (NM003392), WNT-5B (NM032642), WNT-6 (NM006522),WNT-7A (NM004625), WNT-7B (NM058238), WNT-8A (NM058244), WNT-8B(NM003393), WNT-9A/WNT-14) (NM003395), WNT-9B/WNT-15 (NM003396), WNT-10A(NM025216), WNT-10B (NM003394), WNT-11 (NM004626), WNT-16 (NM016087).

“WNT pathway disorder” is a condition or disease state with aberrant WNTsignaling. In one aspect, the aberrant WNT signaling is a level of WNTsignaling in a cell or tissue suspected of being diseased that exceedsthe level of WNT signaling in a normal cell or tissue. In one specificaspect, a WNT-mediated disorder includes cancer or fibrosis.

The term “cancer” refers to the pathological condition in humans that ischaracterized by unregulated cell proliferation. Examples include butare not limited to: carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, and leukemia. Moreparticular examples of cancers include but are not limited to: lung(small cell and non-small cell), breast, prostate, carcinoid, bladder,gastric, pancreatic, liver (hepatocellular), hepatoblastoma, colorectal,head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal, ovarian, cervical,endometrial, mesothelioma, melanoma, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma,thyroid, desmoids, chronic myelocytic leukemia (AML), and chronicmyelocytic leukemia (CML).

The term “fibrosis” refers to the pathological condition in humans thatis typically characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of fibroblastcells and tissue hardening. Specific examples include but not limitedto: lung fibrosis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation-inducedfibrosis), renal fibrosis and liver fibrosis including liver cirrhosis.

“Inhibiting” or “treating” or “treatment” refers to reduction,therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative treatment,wherein the objective is to reduce or prevent the aimed pathologicdisorder or condition. In one example, following administering of a WNTsignaling inhibitor, a cancer patient may experience a reduction intumor size. “Treatment” or “treating” includes (1) inhibiting a diseasein a subject experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptoms of thedisease, (2) ameliorating a disease in a subject that is experiencing ordisplaying the pathology or symptoms of the disease, and/or (3)affecting any measurable decrease in a disease in a subject or patientthat is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptoms of thedisease. To the extent the WNT pathway inhibitor may prevent growthand/or kill cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a WNTpathway inhibitor (e.g. a Porcupine antagonist) effective to “treat” aWNT pathway disorder in a subject or mammal. In the case of cancer, thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug may either reduce thenumber of cancer cells, reduce the tumor size, inhibit cancer cellinfiltration into peripheral organs, inhibit tumor metastasis, inhibittumor growth to certain extent, and/or relieve one or more of thesymptoms associated with the cancer to some extent.

Administration “in combination with” one or more further therapeuticagents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administrationin any order. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical combination”refers to a product obtained from mixing or combining activeingredients, and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of theactive ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (1) and a co-agent, are bothadministered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entityor dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (1) and a co-agent, are bothadministered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously,concurrently or sequentially with no specific time limits, wherein suchadministration provides therapeutically effective levels of the activeingredients in the body of the patient. The latter also applies tococktail therapy, e.g. the administration of three or more activeingredients.

A “chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in thetreatment of cancer. Examples are but not limited to: Gemcitabine,Irinotecan, Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Cytosine arabinoside (“Ara-C”),Cyclophosphamide, Thiotepa, Busulfan, Cytoxin, TAXOL, Methotrexate,Cisplatin, Melphalan, Vinblastine and Carboplatin.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclichydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fullysaturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalentradicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C₁-C₁₀means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicalsinclude, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl,(cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, forexample, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. Anunsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triplebonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limitedto, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl),2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl,3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. The term “alkyl,” unlessotherwise noted, is also meant to include those derivatives of alkyldefined in more detail below, such as “heteroalkyl.” Alkyl groups, whichare limited to hydrocarbon groups, are termed “homoalkyl”.

The term “alkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent radical derived from an alkane, as exemplified, but notlimited, by —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, and further includes those groups describedbelow as “heteroalkylene.” Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group willhave from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewercarbon atoms being preferred in the present invention. A “lower alkyl”or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group,generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms.

The terms “alkoxy,” “alkylamino” and “alkylthio” (or thioalkoxy) areused in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groupsattached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, an aminogroup, or a sulfur atom, respectively.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term,means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, orcyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of thestated number of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected fromthe group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen andsulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom mayoptionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and S and Si may beplaced at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at theposition at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of themolecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃,—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂,—S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃,and —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, suchas, for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and —CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃. Similarly, the term“heteroalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but notlimited by, —CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. Forheteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of thechain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino,alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene andheteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group isimplied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group iswritten. For example, the formula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′—and —R′C(O)₂—.

In general, an “acyl substituent” is also selected from the group setforth above. As used herein, the term “acyl substituent” refers togroups attached to, and fulfilling the valence of a carbonyl carbon thatis either directly or indirectly attached to the polycyclic nucleus ofthe compounds of the present invention.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or incombination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclicversions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively. Additionally, forheterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which theheterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples ofcycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl,3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl,1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” is mean to include, but not be limited to,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, andthe like.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring ormultiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings), which are fused togetheror linked covalently. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (orrings) that contain from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, andS, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, andthe nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. A heteroaryl group canbe attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom.Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl,1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl,3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl,4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl,5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl,2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl,4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl,1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl,3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above notedaryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group ofacceptable substituents described below.

For brevity, the term “aryl” when used in combination with other terms(e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes both aryl and heteroarylrings as defined above. Thus, the term “arylalkyl” is meant to includethose radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group(e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like) including thosealkyl groups in which a carbon atom (e.g., a methylene group) has beenreplaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl,2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and“heteroaryl”) include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of theindicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical areprovided below.

Substituents for the alkyl, and heteroalkyl radicals (including thosegroups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, andheterocycloalkenyl) are generally referred to as “alkyl substituents”and “heteroakyl substituents,” respectively, and they can be one or moreof a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to: —OR′, ═O,═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′,—CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′,—NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″,—NRSO₂R′, —CN and —NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1), wherem′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″, R′″ andR″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., arylsubstituted with 1-3 halogens, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compound of theinvention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the Rgroups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ groupswhen more than one of these groups is present. When R′ and R″ areattached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with thenitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skillin the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to includegroups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogengroups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g.,—C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, the arylsubstituents and heteroaryl substituents are generally referred to as“aryl substituents” and “heteroaryl substituents,” respectively and arevaried and selected from, for example: halogen, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′,—NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″,—OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′,—NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —CN and—NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl,in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences onthe aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ are preferablyindependently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl and heteroalkyl,unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-(C₁-C₄)alkyl,and (unsubstituted aryl)oxy-(C₁-C₄)alkyl. When a compound of theinvention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the Rgroups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ groupswhen more than one of these groups is present.

Two of the aryl substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroarylring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—,—CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3.Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl orheteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of theformula -A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—,—NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′— or a single bond, and r is aninteger of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring soformed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, twoof the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula—(CRR′)_(s)—X—(CR″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integers offrom 0 to 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—.The substituents R, R′, R″ and R′″ are preferably independently selectedfrom hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₆) akyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroatom” includes oxygen (O), nitrogen (N),sulfur (S), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si).

II. The Compositions

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods and compositionsfor determining or predicting patients that are most likely to respond(e.g., with a therapeutic benefit) to therapy using an Wnt inhibitor ora drug having substantially similar biological activity as the Wntinhibitor, as well as to determine or predict patients that are mostlikely not to respond to therapy using an Wnt inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the Wnt inhibitor is a Porcupine inhibitor suitablefor use in humans. The Wnt inhibitor may be a Porcupine inhibitor thathas a function similar to a known Porcupine inhibitor such as IWP-2,IWP-3 or IWP-4, which are described by Chen B et al. (2009) Nature Chem.Biol. 5: 100-107 and commercially available from Miltenyi Biotech asStemolecule™ Wnt Inhibitor IWP-2 (#130-095-584), Stemolecule™ WntInhibitor IWP-3 (#130-095-585) and Stemolecule™ Wnt Inhibitor IWP-4.Stemolecule™ IWP-2, Stemolecule™ IWP-3, and Stemolecule™ IWP-4 preventpalmitylation of Wnt proteins by Porcupine (PORCN), a membrane-bound0-acyltransferase.

Alternatively, Wnt inhibitors can be the products of drug design and canbe produced using various methods known in the art. See, internationalpatent application WO2010/101849, published 10 Sep. 2010. Variousmethods of drug design, useful to design mimetics or other compoundsuseful in the invention are disclosed in Maulik ef al. (1997) MolecularBiotechnology: Therapeutic Applications and Strategies. Wiley-Liss, Inc.(incorporated by reference in its entirety). A Wnt inhibitor can beobtained from molecular diversity strategies (a combination of relatedstrategies allowing the rapid construction of large, chemically diversemolecule libraries), libraries of natural or synthetic compounds, inparticular from chemical or combinatorial libraries (i.e., libraries ofcompounds that differ in sequence or size but that have the similarbuilding blocks) or by rational, directed or random drug design. See,for example, Maulik et al. (1997) Molecular Biotechnology: TherapeuticApplications and Strategies. Wiley-Liss, Inc. In a molecular diversitystrategy, large compound libraries are synthesized, for example, frompeptides, oligonucleotides, natural or synthetic steroidal compounds,carbohydrates or natural or synthetic organic and non-steroidalmolecules, using biological, enzymatic or chemical approaches. Thecritical parameters in developing a molecular diversity strategy includesubunit diversity, molecular size, and library diversity. The generalgoal of screening such libraries is to utilize sequential application ofcombinatorial selection to obtain high-affinity ligands for a desiredtarget, and then to optimize the lead molecules by either random ordirected design strategies. Methods of molecular diversity are describedin detail in Maulik et al. (1997) Molecular Biotechnology:TherapeuticApplications and Strategies. Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound asPorcupine antagonist or inhibitor.

By “PORCN” herein is meant Porcupine, a membrane-bound acyltransferase,required for Wnt post-translational modification. Unless specificallystated otherwise, PORCN as used herein, refers to human PORCN-accessionnumbers NM_017617.3/NP_060087.

In some embodiments, the Porcupine inhibitor has the structure ofFormula (I):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein,X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8 are independently CR4 or NY₁ is hydrogen or CR₄;Y₂, Y₃ are independently hydrogen, halo or CR₃;R₁ is morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;R₂ is hydrogen, halo, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S;wherein 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl includes the following selectedgroups but is not limited to:

R₁ and R₂ could be independently and optionally substituted with 1-2 R₄groups;R₃ is hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy optionallysubstituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano; R₈ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

As used herein, an H atom in any substituent groups (e.g., CH₂)encompasses all suitable isotopic variations, e.g., H, ²H and ³H.

As used herein, other atoms in any substituent groups encompasses allsuitable isotopic variations, including but not limited to ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶I and/or ¹²³I.

In some embodiments, example of the compound of the invention includesbut is not limited to:

-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   3-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;-   6-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-m-tolyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyridazin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-morpholino-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(8-((4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)amino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   4-(5-(((6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine    1,1-dioxide;-   N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-methylbenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;-   N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (S)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   (R)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   1-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)ethanone;-   6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(oxazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-fluoro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   methyl    4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate;-   4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-2-one;-   2-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)    piperazin-1-yl)acetonitrile;-   2-methyl-4-(4-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)phenyl)pyridine    1-oxide;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)benzonitrile;-   N-(3-methoxy-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   N-((3-chloro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;-   2′-methyl-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carbonitrile;    and    N-(4-(2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;    or physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, examples of the compound of the invention includebut are not limited to the compounds provided in Examples 1-5 andTable 1. A person skilled in the art can clearly understand and knowthat the other compounds could be prepared by the same strategy asExamples 1-5.

TABLE 1 Compound Table No. Compound Structure Compound physicalcharacterization  6

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  7

MS m/z = 403.2 (M + 1);  8

MS m/z = 437.2 (M + 1);  9

MS m/z = 421.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.76(d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.95-8.18 (m, 6H),7.58-7.66 (m, 3H), 7.35 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H),5.77 (s, 1H), 4.92 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (s, 3H)  10

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1);  11

MS m/z = 475.2 (M + 1);  12

MS m/z = 436.2 (M + 1);  13

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1);  14

MS m/z = 418.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.46 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s,3H), 4.94 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 5.94 (br, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 5.70 Hz,1H), 7.31 (d, J = 4.20 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H),7.63 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.22(s, 1H), 8.51 (m, 2H), 9.08 (s, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H).  15

MS m/z = 418.2 (M + 1);  16

MS m/z = 428.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.64 (s, 3H), 4.96 (d,J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 5.99 (br, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s,1H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.73 (m, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 5.70 Hz,1H), 8.33 (m, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 1H), 9.33 (s,1H).  17

MS m/z = 428.2 (M + 1);  18

MS m/z = 420.2 (M + 1);  19

MS m/z = 417.2 (M + 1);  20

MS m/z = 326.1 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.58 (s, 3H), 4.90 (d,J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 5.96 (br, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.58 (m,4H), 7.62 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J =5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 9.50(s, 1H).  21

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  22

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.64 (s, 3H), 4.96 (d,J = 5.40 Hz, 2H), 5.96 (br, 1H), 7.01 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (m,1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H),7.88 (m, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J = 8.10Hz, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H).  23

MS m/z = 421.2 (M + 1);  24

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  25

MS m/z = 403.2 (M + 1);  26

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  27

MS m/z = 476.2 (M + 1);  28

MS m/z = 440.2 (M + 1); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.61 (s, 3H), 4.88 (d,J = 5.70 Hz, 2H), 5.98 (br, 1H), 6.92 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H),7.26 (m, 3H), 7.37 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.79(s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J = 5.1 Hz,1H), 8.55 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 9.26 (s, 1H).  29

MS m/z = 473.2 (M + 1);  30

MS m/z = 497.2 (M + 1);  31

MS m/z = 436.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.63 (s, 3H), 2.70 (s,3H), 4.96 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (br, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 5.70 Hz,1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.80 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J =4.80 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H),8.55 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 8.64 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 9.34 (s, 1H).  32

MS m/z = 423.2 (M + 1);  33

MS m/z = 461.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.69 (s, 3H), 3.06 (t,4H), 4.18 (t, 4H), 4.79 (d, J = 5.40 Hz, 2H), 5.85 (br, 1H), 6.76 (d, J= 8.70 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (q, 1H), 7.76 (q, 1H),7.86 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H),8.63 (d, J = 5.40 Hz, 1H), 9.27 (s, 1H).  34

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1);  35

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.64 (s, 3H), 4.96 (d,J = 5.40 Hz, 2H), 5.96 (br, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (m,1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 2H),8.23 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (d, J = 5.40 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.64(d, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (m, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H), 9.71 (d, J = 1.50 Hz,1H).  36

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1);  37

MS m/z = 412.2 (M + 1);  38

MS m/z = 425.2 (M + 1);  39

MS m/z = 460.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ2.56 (s, 3H), 3.13 (t,4H), 4.28 (t, 4H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 6.30 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s,1H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 6.60 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J =8.40 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (d, J = 5.40 Hz, 1H), 9.27 (s, 1H).  40

MS m/z = 443.2 (M + 1);  41

MS m/z = 439.2 (M + 1);  42

MS m/z = 494.2 (M + 1);  43

MS m/z = 426.2 (M + 1);  44

MS m/z = 435.2 (M + 1);  45

MS m/z = 464.2 (M + 1);  46

MS m/z = 361.2 (M + 1);  47

MS m/z = 341.1 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ2.31 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s,3H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 6.98 (m, 1H), 7.12 (d, J = 7.80 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J =8.10 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (m, 1H), 8.03 (m, 2H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J =5.40 Hz, 1H), 9.56 (s, 1H).  48

MS m/z = 328.1 (M + 1);  49

MS m/z = 330.1 (M + 1);  50

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.96 (d, J = 8.4 Hz,1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.76 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 802-8.37 (m, 8H), 7.61-7.67(m, 1H), 7.42 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s,1H), 4.93 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H).  51

MS m/z = 419.2 (M + 1);  52

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1);  53

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1);  54

MS m/z = 472.2 (M + 1);  55

MS m/z = 433.2 (M + 1);  56

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1);  57

MS m/z = 423.2 (M + 1);  58

MS m/z = 403.2 (M + 1);  59

MS m/z = 437.2 (M + 1);  60

MS m/z = 402.2 (M + 1);  61

MS m/z = 417.2 (M + 1); 1HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.45 (s, 3H), 2.64 (s,3H), 4.94 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 5.93 (br, 1H), 7.00 (d, J = 5.70 Hz,1H), 7.32 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H),7.63 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.21(s, 1H), 8.53 (m, 2H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 9.31 (s, 1H).  62

MS m/z = 403.2 (M + 1);  63

MS m/z = 417.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.63 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s,3H), 4.93 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H),7.37 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.10 Hz, 2H), 7.67(m, 1H), 7.88 (m, 3H), 8.07 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J = 5.10 Hz,1H), 8.82 (d, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H).  64

MS m/z = 416.2 (M + 1);  65

MS m/z = 417.2 (M + 1);  66

MS m/z = 403.2 (M + 1);  67

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  68

MS m/z = 404.2 (M + 1);  69

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.52 (d, J = 1.2 Hz,1H), 8.92 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.84-8.86 (m, 1H), 8.75- 8.82 (m, 4H),8.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.12(d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H),5.76 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (s, 1H).  70

MS m/z = 419.2 (M + 1);  71

MS m/z = 418.2 (M + 1);  72

MS m/z = 435.2 (M + 1);  73

MS m/z = 432.2 (M + 1);  74

MS m/z = 405.2 (M + 1);  75

MS m/z = 422.2 (M + 1);  76

MS m/z = 423.2 (M + 1);  77

MS m/z = 436.2 (M + 1);  78

MS m/z = 440.2 (M + 1);  79

MS m/z = 419.2 (M + 1);  80

MS m/z = 420.2 (M + 1);  81

MS m/z = 433.2 (M + 1);  82

MS m/z = 437.2 (M + 1);  83

MS m/z = 420.2 (M + 1);  84

MS m/z = 426.2 (M + 1);  85

MS m/z = 426.2 (M + 1);  86

MS m/z = 426.2 (M + 1);  87

MS m/z = 453.2 (M + 1);  88

MS m/z = 393.1 (M + 1);  89

MS m/z = 407.2 (M + 1);  90

MS m/z = 395.1 (M + 1);  91

MS m/z = 409.2 (M + 1);  92

MS m/z = 407.2 (M + 1);  93

MS m/z = 410.2 (M + 1);  94

MS m/z = 394.1 (M + 1);  95

MS m/z = 433.2 (M + 1);  96

MS m/z = 433.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.30 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s,3H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 4.86 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 5.98 (br, 1H), 6.94 (d, J =5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 5.1Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (d,J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (m, 2H), 9.25 (s, 1H).  97

MS m/z = 437.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.31 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s,3H), 4.90 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (br, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H),7.18 (m, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.80(s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d,J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (m, 1H), 9.25 (s, 1H).  98

MS m/z = 437.2 (M + 1);  99

MS m/z = 419.2 (M + 1); 100

MS m/z = 423.2 (M + 1); 101

MS m/z = 469.2 (M + 1); 102

MS m/z = 425.2 (M + 1); 103

MS m/z = 450.2 (M + 1); 104

MS m/z = 434.2 (M + 1); 105

MS m/z = 453.2 (M + 1); 106

MS m/z = 438.2 (M + 1); 107

MS m/z = 435.2 (M + 1); 108

MS m/z = 443.2 (M + 1); ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.30 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s,3H), 4.98 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (br, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H),7.35 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 5.1Hz, 2H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (d,J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 8.66 (d, J = 5.10 Hz, 2H), 9.30 (s, 1H). 109

MS m/z = 448.2 (M + 1); 110

MS m/z = 453.2 (M + 1); 111

MS m/z = 444.2 (M + 1); 112

MS m/z = 454.2 (M + 1);

In some embodiments, the Porcupine antagonist or inhibtor used for thetreatment as described herein is any suitable compound as disclosed inthe WO2010/101849 A1 (PCT/US10/025813), preferably a compound of Formula(II):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X¹, X², X³ and X⁴ is selected from N and CR⁷;one of X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ is N and the others are CH;X⁹ is selected from N and CH;Z is selected from phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl andpiperazinyl;wherein each phenyl, pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl or piperazinyl ofZ is optionally substituted with an R⁶ group:R¹, R² and R³ are hydrogen;m is 1;R⁴ is selected from hydrogen, halo, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl andmethyl;R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, halo and —C(O)R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is methyl;andR⁷ is selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, methyl and trifluoromethyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

-   N-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2-[5-methyl-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]acetamide;-   2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide    (LGK974);-   N-(2,3′-bipyridin-6′-yl)-2-(2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;-   N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;    and-   2-(2′-fluoro-3-methy-24′-bipyridin-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide;    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide.

III. Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses

Compounds of the invention are indicated as pharmaceuticals. Accordingto a further aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of theinvention, as hereinbefore (but without any provisos, where applicable),for use as a pharmaceutical. There is also provided a synthetic form ofa compound of the invention (but without any provisos, whereapplicable), for use as a pharmaceutical.

For the avoidance of doubt, although compounds of the invention maypossess pharmacological activity as such, certainpharmaceutically-acceptable (e.g. “protected”) derivatives of compoundsof the invention may exist or be prepared which may not possess suchactivity, but may be administered parenterally or orally and thereafterbe metabolized in the body to form compounds of the invention. Suchcompounds (which may possess some pharmacological activity, providedthat such activity is appreciably lower than that of the “active”compounds to which they are metabolized) may therefore be described as“prodrugs” of compounds of the invention.

By “prodrug of a compound of the invention”, we include compounds thatform a compound of the invention, in an experimentally-detectableamount, within a predetermined time (e.g. about 1 hour), following oralor parenteral administration. All prodrugs of the compounds of theinvention are included within the scope of the invention.

Furthermore, certain compounds of the invention may possess no orminimal pharmacological activity as such, but may be administeredparenterally or orally, and thereafter be metabolised in the body toform compounds of the invention that possess pharmacological activity assuch. Such compounds (which also includes compounds that may possesssome pharmacological activity, but that activity is appreciably lowerthan that of the “active” compounds of the invention to which they aremetabolised), may also be described as “prodrugs”.

Thus, the compounds of the invention are useful because they possesspharmacological activity, and/or are metabolised in the body followingoral or parenteral administration to form compounds which possesspharmacological activity.

Compounds of the invention (as hereinbefore defined but without theproviso(s)) may be useful in the treatment of a cancer. By “cancer”, wemean any disease that arises from an uncontrolled growth of cells (e.g.uncontrolled division), invasion (e.g. direct growth into adjacenttissue) or metastasis. By “uncontrolled growth”, we include an increasein the number and/or size of cancer cells (also referred to herein as“proliferation”). By “metastasis” we mean the movement or migration(e.g. invasiveness) of cancer cells from a primary tumor site in thebody of a subject to one or more other areas within the subject's body(where the cells can then form secondary tumors). Thus, in oneembodiment the invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting,in whole or in part, the formation of secondary tumors in a subject withcancer.

Advantageously, the compounds of the invention may be capable ofinhibiting the proliferation and/or metastasis of cancer cellsselectively.

By “selectively” we mean that the compounds of the invention may inhibitthe proliferation and/or metastasis of cancer cells to a greater extentthan it modulates the function (e.g. proliferation) of non-cancer cells.Preferably, the compounds of the invention inhibit the proliferationand/or metastasis of cancer cells only.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the compound of the present invention and atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, wherein saidcompound is in free form or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.Such composition may be an oral composition, injectable composition orsuppository. And the composition may be manufactured in a conventionalmanner by mixing, granulating or coating methods.

In an embodiment of the invention, the composition is an oralcomposition and it may be a tablet or gelatin capsule. Preferably, theoral composition comprises the present compound together with a)diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol,cellulose and/or glycine; b) lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearicacid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol; fortablets, together with c) binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate,starch paste, gelatin, tragamayth, methylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose and or polyvinylpyrrolidone; and if desired, d)disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, oreffervescent mixtures; and/or e) additives, e.g., absorbents, colorants,flavors and sweeteners.

In another embodiment of the invention, the composition is an injectablecomposition, and may be an aqueous isotonic solution or suspension.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, the composition is asuppository and may be prepared from fatty emulsion or suspension.

Preferably, the composition is sterilized and/or contains adjuvant. Suchadjuvant can be preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agent,solution promoter, salt for regulating the osmotic pressure, bufferand/or any combination thereof.

Alternatively or in addition, the composition may further contain othertherapeutically valuable substances for different applications, likesolubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and/orpreservatives.

In an embodiment of the invention, the composition may be a formulationsuitable for transdermal application. Such formulation includes aneffective amount of the compound of the present invention and a carrier.Preferably, the carrier may include absorbable pharmacologicallyacceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host. Atransdermal device contain the formulation may also be used. Thetransdermal device may be in the form of a bandage comprising a backingmember, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers,optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound to theskin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolongedperiod of time, and means to secure the device to the skin. Otherwise, amatrix transdermal formulation may also be used.

In another embodiment of the invention, the composition may be aformulation suitable for topical application, such as to the skin andeyes, and may be aqueous solution, ointment, cream or gel well known inthe art.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of inhibitingWNT secretion from a cell.

In one embodiment, the cell is contained within a mammal, and theadministered amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In anotherembodiment, the inhibition of WNT signaling further results in theinhibition of the growth of the cell. In a further embodiment, the cellis a cancer cell. In yet another embodiment, the cell is a fibrogeniccell.

Cell proliferation is measured by using methods known to those skilledin the art. For example, a convenient assay for measuring cellproliferation is the CellTiter-Glo™ Assay commercially available fromPromega (Madison, Wis.). The assay procedure involves adding theCellTiter-Glo® reagent to cells cultured on multi-well dishes. Theluminescent signal, measured by a luminometer or an imaging device, isproportional to the amount of ATP present, which is directlyproportional to the number of viable cells present in culture. Inaddition, cell proliferation may also be measured using colony formationassays known in the art.

The present invention also provides a method for treating cancers orfibroses related to the WNT signaling pathway with an effective amountof the present compound. Those skilled in the art would readily be ableto determine whether a cancer is related to the Wnt pathway by analyzingcancer cells using one of several techniques known in the art. Forexample, one could examine cancer cells for aberrations in the levels ofproteins or mRNAs involved in Wnt signaling using immune and nucleicacid detection methods.

Cancers or fibroses related to the Wnt pathway include those in whichactivity of one or more components of the Wnt signaling pathways areupregulated from basal levels. In one embodiment, inhibiting the Wntpathway may involve inhibiting Wnt secretion. As another example,inhibiting the Wnt pathway may involve inhibiting components downstreamof the cell surface receptors. In another embodiment, inhibition of Wntsecretion may involve inhibiting the activity of any of the proteinsimplicated in the secretion of functional WNTs.

Furthermore, the invention provides a method for treating a WNT pathwaydisorder in a subject suffering from the disorder by administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a WNT inhibitor. Inone embodiment, the disorder is a cell proliferative disorder associatedwith aberrant, e.g., increased, activity of WNT signaling. In anotherembodiment, the disorder results from increased amount of a WNT protein.In yet another embodiment, the cell proliferative disorder is cancer,include but are not limited to: lung (small cell and non-small cell),breast, prostate, carcinoid, bladder, gastric, pancreatic, liver(hepatocellular), hepatoblastoma, colorectal, head cancer and necksquamous cell carcinoma, esophageal, ovarian, cervical, endometrial,mesothelioma, melanoma, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, thyroid,desmoids, chronic myelocytic leukemia (AML), and chronic myelocyticleukemia (CML). In yet another embodiment, the cell proliferativedisorder is fibrosis, include but are not limited to: lung fibrosis,such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation-induced fibrosis,renal fibrosis and liver fibrosis including liver cirrhosis. In yetanother embodiment, the disorder is osteoarthritis, Parkinson's disease,retinopathy, macular degeneration.

For therapeutically use, the compound of the present invention could beadministered in a therapeutically effective amount via any acceptableway known in the art singly. As used herein, the therapeuticallyeffective amount may vary widely depending on the severity of thedisease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of thecompound used and other factors. Generally, the satisfactory result isindicated to be obtained systemically at a daily dosage of about 0.03 to2.5 mg/kg per body weight of the subject. In one embodiment, theindicated daily dosage for larger mammal as human is in the range fromabout 0.5 mg to about 100 mg. Preferably, the compound is administeredin divided doses up to four times a day or in retard form. In anotherembodiment, suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration comprisefrom ca. 1 to 100 mg active ingredient.

Alternatively, the compound of the present invention may be administeredin a therapeutically effective amount as the active ingredient incombination with one or more therapeutic agents, such as pharmaceuticalcombinations. There may be synergistic effects when the compound of thepresent invention is used with a chemotherapeutic agent known in theart. The dosage of the co-administered compounds could vary depending onthe type of co-drug employed, the specific drug employed, the conditionbeing treated and so forth.

The compound of the present invention or the composition thereof may beadministered by any conventional route. In one embodiment, it isadministered enterally, such as orally, and in the form of tablets orcapsules. In another embodiment, it is administered parenterally and inthe form of injectable solutions or suspensions. In yet anotherembodiment, it is administered topically and in the form of lotions,gels, ointments or creams, or in a nasal or suppository form.

In another aspect, the invention also provides a pharmaceuticalcombination, preferably, a kit, comprising a) a first agent which is thecompound of the present invention as disclosed herein, in free form orin pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, and b) at least one co-agent.In addition, the kit may comprise instructions for its administration.

The combination of the present invention may be used in vitro or invivo. Preferably, the desired therapeutic benefit of the administrationmay be achieved by contacting cell, tissue or organism with a singlecomposition or pharmacological formulation that includes the compound ofthe present invention and one or more agents, or by contacting the cellwith two or more distinct compositions or formulations, wherein onecomposition includes one agent and the other includes another. Theagents of the combination may be administered at the same time orseparately within a period of time. Preferably, the separateadministration can result in a desired therapeutic benefit. The presentcompound may precede, be co-current with and/or follow the other agentsby intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. A person skilled in the artcould generally ensure the interval of the time of each delivery,wherein the agents administered separately could still be able to exertan advantageously combined effect on the cell, tissue or organism. Inone embodiment, it is contemplated that one may contact the cell, tissueor organism with two, three, four or more modalities substantiallysimultaneously as the candidate substance, i.e., with less than aboutone minute. In another embodiment, one or more agents may beadministered about between 1 minute to 14 days.

In another aspect, the present provides a process for preparing thecompound of the present invention or the salts or derivatives thereof.

In one embodiment, the compound having Formula (I) may be preparedfollowing any one of the synthetic methodologies described in Examplesbelow. In the reactions described, reactive functional groups, forexample hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these aredesired in the final product, may be protected to avoid their unwantedparticipation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups may beused in accordance with standard practice (see e.g., T. W. Greene and P.G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley andSons, 1991). Suitable leaving groups for use in the syntheticmethodologies described include halogen leaving groups and otherconventional leaving groups known in the art. Preferably, the leavinggroup is chloro or bromo.

In another embodiment, the compound of the invention or the saltsthereof may also be obtainable in the form of hydrates, or theircrystals may include for example the solvent used for crystallization(present as solvates). Salts can usually be converted to compounds infree form by treating with suitable basic agents, preferably with alkalimetal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, or alkali metalhydroxides, more preferably with potassium carbonate or sodiumhydroxide. A compound of the invention in a base addition salt form maybe converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitableacid, such as hydrochloric acid. In view of the close relationshipbetween the novel compounds in free form and those in the form of theirsalts, including those salts that may be used as intermediates, forexample in the purification or identification of the novel compounds,any reference to the free compounds is to be understood as referringalso to the corresponding salts, as appropriate.

Salts of the present compound with a salt-forming group may be preparedin a manner known in the art. Acid addition salts of compound of Formula(I) may thus be obtained by treatment with an acid or with a suitableanion exchange reagent. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of thecompound of the invention may be formed as acid addition salts fromcompound of Formula (I) with a basic nitrogen atom with organic orinorganic acids.

Preferably, suitable inorganic acids include, but are not limited to,halogen acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoricacid.

Preferably, suitable organic acids include, but are not limited to,carboxylic, phosphoric, sulfonic or sulfamic acids, for example aceticacid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid,glycolic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid,pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, -malic acid, tartaric acid,citric acid, amino acids, such as glutamic acid or aspartic acid, maleicacid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid,adamantanecarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4aminosalicylic acid, phthalic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid,cinnamic acid, methane- or ethane-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonicacid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 1,5-naphthalene-disuifonic acid, 2-, 3- or 4methylbenzenesulfonic acid, methylsulfuric acid, ethylsulfuric acid,dodecylsulfuric acid, N cyclohexylsulfamic acid, N-methyl-, N-ethyl- orN-propyl-sulfamic acid, or other organic protonic acids, such asascorbic acid.

Alternatively, it is also possible to use pharmaceutically unacceptablesalts for isolation or purification, for example picrates orperchlorates. But for therapeutic use, only pharmaceutically acceptablesalts or free compounds are employed, where applicable in the form ofpharmaceutical preparations.

In yet another embodiment, compound of the present invention inunoxidized form may be prepared from N-oxides of compound of theinvention by treating with a reducing agent in a suitable inert organicsolvent at 0 to 80° C. Preferably, the reducing agent is sulfur, sulfurdioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride,phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like. Preferably, the invertorganic solvent is acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like.

In yet another embodiment, prodrug derivatives of the compound of thepresent invention may be prepared by methods known in the art (forfurther details see Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and MedicinalChemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985). In a preferable embodiment, anappropriate prodrug may be prepared by reacting a non-derivatizedcompound of the invention with a suitable carbamylating agent such as1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or thelike.

In yet another embodiment, protected derivatives of the compound of thepresent invention may be made by means known in the art. A detaileddescription of techniques applicable to the creation of protectinggroups and their removal may be found in T. W. Greene, “ProtectingGroups in Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1999.

In yet another embodiment, compound of the present invention may beprepared as their individual stereoisomers. The process includesreacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically activeresolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds,separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pureenantiomers. Resolution of enantiomers may be carried out using covalentdiastereomeric derivatives of the compound of the present invention, orby using dissociable complexes such as crystalline diastereomeric salts.Diastereomers have distinct physical properties presented by meltingpoints, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc., and may bereadily separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. Thediastereomers may be separated by fractionated crystallization,chromatography, or by separation/resolution techniques based upondifferences in solubility. The optically pure enantiomer is thenrecovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means thatwould not result in racemization. A more detailed description of thetechniques applicable to the resolution of stereoisomers of compoundsfrom their racemic mixture may be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet,Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John WileyAnd Sons, Inc., 1981.

In conclusion, the compound of the present invention could be made bythe process described in the Examples; optionally a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt may be converted from the compound of the presentinvention; optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide may beconverted from an unoxidized form of the compound the present invention;optionally an individual isomer of the compound of the present inventionis resolved from a mixture of isomers; and optionally a pharmaceuticallyacceptable prodrug derivative may be converted from a non-derivatizedcompound of the present invention.

Insofar as the production of the starting materials is not particularlydescribed, the compounds are known or can be prepared analogously tomethods known in the art or as disclosed in the Examples hereinafter.One of skill in the art will appreciate that the above transformationsare only representative of methods for preparation of the compounds ofthe present invention, and that other well-known methods can similarlybe used.

IV. Patient Selection and Treatment of Cancer

In another aspect, the present invention provides compositions andmethods for treatment of cancer characterized by overexpression ofR-spondin and/or expression of an R-spondin fusion in a subject that hasbeen diagnosed as having overexpression of R-spondin and/or R-spondinfusion and is in need of such treatment.

R-spondins (RSPOs) are a family of four cysteine-rich secreted proteinscontaining a single thrombospondin type I repeat (TSR) domain. The Rspogene family is evolutionary conserved and can be found in the genomicand transcript databases of all deuterostomes including thehemichordate, Saccoglossus kowalevskii (acorn worm), the chordate, Cionaintestinalis (tunicate), and the echinoderm. RSPOs from differentvertebrate species display the properties of the canonical WNT signalingactivators. The CR domain of the RSPO proteins is primarily responsiblefor mediating the activation of the WNT/1-catenin signaling pathway. TheTSR and BR domains are proposed to regulate the strength of RSPOactivity on canonical WNT signaling, because the RSPO protein lackingthe TSR and BR domains activates canonical WNT signaling lesseffectively. Yoon, J. K. & Lee, J. S. Cellular signaling and biologicalfunctions of R-spondins. Cell. Signal. 24, 369-377 (2012).

By “R-spondin fusion” herein is meant a fusion between one of the Rspogenes (including but not limited to Rspo2 and Rspo3 genes) and anothergene (“Fusion partner gene”), including, but not limited to PTPRK,EIF3E, EMC2, PVT1, and HNF4G genes. The fusion may be due to deletion orinversion. The fusion of Rspo gene to the 5′partner gene generally leadsto expression of Rspo gene (full length or partial as part of the fusiongene product) under the control of a promoter of a different gene (e.g.the fusion partner gene), which leads to change of expression level(e.g., elevated expression) of Rspo gene (e.g., a fusion gene) at themRNA level and/or protein level. The Rspo fusion gene may produe to afunctional or non-functional Rspo fragment.

“Characterized by” with respect to a cancer and mutant R-spondinpolynucleotide and polypeptide is meant a cancer in which a genedeletion or translocation and/or expressed fusion polypeptide involvingR-spondin are present as compared to a cancer in which such genedeletion and/or fusion polypeptide are not present. The presence ofmutant polypeptide may drive, in whole or in part, the growth andsurvival of such cancer.

The compositions provided herein are used to treat a variety of cancersthat involve Rspo fusion, such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer,liver cancer, esophageal cancer, intestinal cancer, bile duct cancer,pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer.

A mechanism for certain tumors, such as colorectal tumors and prostatetumors, to gain activation of the WNT pathway is that two genes encodingenhancers of WNT ligands, R spondin-2 and R spondin-3, aretranscriptionally activated by fusion to other genes, such as PTPRK,EIF3E, EMC2, PVT1, and HNF4G genes. See Examples provided herein,Seshagiri S, et al. Recurrent R-spondin fusions in colon cancer. Nature.2012 Aug. 30; 488(7413):660-4, and Robinson et al, Integrative ClinicalGenomics of Advanced Prostate Cance, Cell 161, 1215-1228 May 21, 2015,which are incorporated by reference in theirts entirety. The Rsop fusiongene may lead to a functional or non-functional Rspo protein fragment.When a functional Rspo protein is generated, it may act as an activatorof Wnt pathway, which may cause the proliferation of tumor cells.

The present invention provides methods and compositions for screeningfor cancer patients with Rspo fusions using methods known in the artand/or provided herein, and optionally treating such patients with Wntinhibitor as provided herein.

The Rspo gene can be detected at genomic DNA level, mRNA level, orprotein level. A biological sample from a subject in need of testing isobtained using methods known the art. The biological sample isoptionally processed to obtain protein, RNA, and/or DNA, which is inturn used in assays to detect Rspo fusion.

A. Biological Sample

By “biological sample” herein is meant any biological sample suspectedof containing Rspo fusion polynucleotides or polypeptides or fragmentsthereof (including Rspo-PTPRK and Rspo-EIF3E fusion polynucleotides andpolypeptides), and may comprise a cell, chromosomes isolated from a cell(e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solution orbound to a solid support such as for Southern analysis), RNA (insolution or bound to a solid support such as for northern analysis),cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support), an extract from cells,blood, urine, marrow, or a tissue, and the like.

Biological samples useful in the practice of the methods of theinvention may be obtained from any mammal in which a cancercharacterized by the expression of an Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusionpolypeptide is present or developing. In one embodiment, the mammal is ahuman, and the human may be a candidate for a Wnt-inhibiting therapeuticfor the treatment of a cancer, e.g. colon, gastric and esophagealcancer. The human candidate may be a patient currently being treatedwith, or considered for treatment with, a Wnt inhibitor, such as thoseprovided herein. In another embodiment, the mammal is large animal, suchas a horse or cow, while in other embodiments, the mammal is a smallanimal, such as a dog or cat, all of which are known to develop cancers,including colon, gastric and esophageal carcinomas.

Any biological sample comprising cells (or extracts of cells) from amammalian cancer is suitable for use in the methods of the invention.Circulating tumor cells may also be obtained from serum using tumormarkers, cytokeratin protein markers or other methods of negativeselection as described (see Ma et al., Anticancer Res. 23(1A): 49-62(2003)). Serum and bone marrow samples may be particularly preferred forpatients with leukemia. For cancers involving solid tumors, such assarcomas and carcinomas, the biological sample may comprise cellsobtained from a tumor biopsy, which maybe be obtained according tostandard clinical techniques.

Circulating tumor cells (“CTCs”) may be purified, for example, using thekits and reagents sold under the trademarks Vita-Assays™, Vita-Cap™, andCellSearch® (commercially available from Vitatex, LLC (a Johnson andJohnson corporation). Other methods for isolating CTCs are described(see, for example, PCT Publication No. WO/2002/020825, Cristofanilli etal., New Engl. J. of Med. 351 (8):781-791 (2004), and Adams et al., J.Amer. Chem. Soc. 130(27): 8633-8641 (July 2008)). In a particularembodiment, a circulating tumor cell (“CTC”) may be isolated andidentified as having originated from the lung, or colon, stomach,esophagus.

B. Detection of Rspo Fusion Polypeptide

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by an immunoassay. AnRspo fusion protein or peptide is generated to produce antibodies(monoclonal or polyclonal) specific for Rspo fusion proteins. Suchantibodies are then used in an assay to detect the presence of Rspofusion.

Rspo fusion is generally detecgted using a Rspo fusion-specific reagent.By “Rspo fusion polypeptide-specific reagent” herien is meant anyreagent, biological or chemical, capable of specifically binding to,detecting and/or quantifying the presence/level of expressed Rspo fusionpolypeptide in a biological sample. The term includes, but is notlimited to, the preferred antibody and reagents discussed below, andequivalent reagents are within the scope of the present invention.

Reagents suitable for use in practice of the methods of the inventioninclude an PTPRK-Rspo3 fusion polypeptide-specific antibody and/orEIF3E-Rspo2 fusion polypeptide-specific antibody, or other Rspo2 orRspo3 fusion proteins as provided herien. A fusion-specific antibody ofthe invention is an isolated antibody or antibodies that specificallybind(s) an PTPRK-Rspo3 fusion polypeptide of the invention (e.g. thepeptide corresponding to the PTPRK-Rspo3 fusion sequences providedherein, or other Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusion proteins as provided herien) butdoes not substantially bind either wild type Rspo or wild type PTPRK, orspecifically bind(s) a EIF3E-Rspo2 fusion polypeptide described herein(e.g. the peptide corresponding to the Rspo2-EIF3E fusion sequencesprovided herein) but does not substantially bind either wild type Rspoor wild type EIF3E.

Human PTPRK-Rspo3 or EIF3E-Rspo2 fusion polypeptide (or other Rspo2 orRspo3 fusion proteins as provided herien)-specific antibodies may alsobind to highly homologous and equivalent epitopic peptide sequences inother mammalian species, for example murine or rabbit, and vice versa.Antibodies useful in practicing the methods of the invention include (a)monoclonal antibodies, (b) purified polyclonal antibodies thatspecifically bind to the target polypeptide (e.g. the fusion junction ofRspo3-PTPRK fusion polypeptide or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide orother Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusion proteins as provided herien, (c) antibodiesas described in (a)-(b) above that bind equivalent and highly homologousepitopes or phosphorylation sites in other non-human species (e.g.mouse, rat), and (d) fragments of (a)-(c) above that bind to the antigen(or more preferably the epitope) bound by the exemplary antibodiesdisclosed herein

By “antibody” or “antibodies” herein is meant all types ofimmunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The antibodiesmay be monoclonal or polyclonal and may be of any species of origin,including (for example) mouse, rat, rabbit, horse, or human, or may bechimeric antibodies. See, e.g., M. Walker et al., Molec. Immunol. 26:403-11 (1989); Morrision et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 81: 6851(1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 312: 604 (1984)). The antibodies may berecombinant monoclonal antibodies produced according to the methodsdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,893 (Reading) or U.S. Pat. No.4,816,567 (Cabilly et al.) The antibodies may also be chemicallyconstructed specific antibodies made according to the method disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980 (Segel et al.)

The invention is not limited to use of antibodies, but includesequivalent molecules, such as protein binding domains or nucleic acidaptamers, which bind, in a fusion-protein or truncated-protein specificmanner, to essentially the same epitope to which an Rspo3-PTPRK orRspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide-specific antibody useful in the methodsof the invention binds. See, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature 312: 604(1984). Such equivalent non-antibody reagents may be suitably employedin the methods of the invention further described below.

Polyclonal antibodies useful in practicing the methods of the inventionmay be produced according to standard techniques by immunizing asuitable animal (e.g., rabbit, goat, etc.) with an antigen encompassinga desired fusion-protein specific epitope (e.g. the fusion junction ofan Rspo fusion protein described herein), collecting immune serum fromthe animal, and separating the polyclonal antibodies from the immuneserum, and purifying polyclonal antibodies having the desiredspecificity, in accordance with known procedures. The antigen may be asynthetic peptide antigen comprising the desired epitopic sequence,selected and constructed in accordance with well-known techniques. See,e.g., ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Chapter 5, p. 75-76, Harlow &Lane Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); Czernik, Methods InEnzymology, 201: 264-283 (1991); Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 21-49(1962)). Polyclonal antibodies produced as described herein may bescreened and isolated as further described below.

Monoclonal antibodies may also be beneficially employed in the methodsof the invention, and may be produced in hybridoma cell lines accordingto the well-known technique of Kohler and Milstein. Nature 265: 495-97(1975); Kohler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 511 (1976); see also,CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Ausubel et al. Eds. (1989).Monoclonal antibodies so produced are highly specific, and improve theselectivity and specificity of assay methods provided by the invention.For example, a solution containing the appropriate antigen (e.g. asynthetic peptide comprising the fusion junction of Rspo3-PTPRK orRspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide) may be injected into a mouse and, aftera sufficient time (in keeping with conventional techniques), the mousesacrificed and spleen cells obtained. The spleen cells are thenimmortalized by fusing them with myeloma cells, typically in thepresence of polyethylene glycol, to produce hybridoma cells. Rabbitfusion hybridomas, for example, may be produced as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,675,063, K. Knight, Issued Oct. 7, 1997. The hybridoma cellsare then grown in a suitable selection media, such ashypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT), and the supernatant screenedfor monoclonal antibodies having the desired specificity, as describedbelow. The secreted antibody may be recovered from tissue culturesupernatant by conventional methods such as precipitation, ion exchangeor affinity chromatography, or the like.

Monoclonal Fab fragments may also be produced in Escherichia coli byrecombinant techniques known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., W.Huse, Science 246: 1275-81 (1989); Mullinax et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad.Sci. 87: 8095 (1990). If monoclonal antibodies of one isotype arepreferred for a particular application, particular isotypes can beprepared directly, by selecting from the initial fusion, or preparedsecondarily, from a parental hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibodyof different isotype by using the sib selection technique to isolateclass-switch variants (Steplewski, et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci., 82:8653 (1985); Spira et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 74: 307 (1984)). Theantigen combining site of the monoclonal antibody can be cloned by PCRand single-chain antibodies produced as phage-displayed recombinantantibodies or soluble antibodies in E. coli (see, e.g., ANTIBODYENGINEERING PROTOCOLS, 1995, Humana Press, Sudhir Paul editor.)

Further still, U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,392, Geysen (1990) describes ageneral method of detecting or determining the sequence of monomers(amino acids or other compounds) that is a topological equivalent of theepitope (i.e., a “mimotope”) that is complementary to a particularparatope (antigen binding site) of an antibody of interest. Moregenerally, this method involves detecting or determining a sequence ofmonomers that is a topographical equivalent of a ligand that iscomplementary to the ligand binding site of a particular receptor ofinterest. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,971, Houghten et al. (1996)discloses linear C₁-C-alkyl peralkylated oligopeptides and sets andlibraries of such peptides, as well as methods for using sucholigopeptide sets and libraries for determining the sequence of aperalkylated oligopeptide that preferentially binds to an acceptormolecule of interest. Thus, non-peptide analogs of the epitope-bearingpeptides of the invention also can be made routinely by these methods.

Antibodies useful in the methods of the invention, whether polyclonal ormonoclonal, may be screened for epitope and fusion protein specificityaccording to standard techniques. See, e.g. Czernik et al., Methods inEnzymology, 201: 264-283 (1991). For example, the antibodies may bescreened against a peptide library by ELISA to ensure specificity forboth the desired antigen and, if desired, for reactivity only with, e.g.an Rspo3-PTPRK fusion polypeptide of the invention and not withwild-type Rspo3 or wild-type PTPRK. The antibodies may also be tested byWestern blotting against cell preparations containing target protein toconfirm reactivity with the only the desired target and to ensure noappreciable binding to other fusion proteins involving Rspo. Theproduction, screening, and use of fusion protein-specific antibodies isknown to those of skill in the art, and has been described. See, e.g.,U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050214301, Wetzel et al., Sep. 29, 2005.

Fusion polypeptide-specific antibodies useful in the methods of theinvention may exhibit some limited cross-reactivity with similar fusionepitopes in other fusion proteins or with the epitopes in wild typeRspo, wild type PTPRK, and wild type EIF3E that form the fusionjunction. This is not unexpected as most antibodies exhibit some degreeof cross-reactivity, and anti-peptide antibodies will often cross-reactwith epitopes having high homology or identity to the immunizingpeptide. See, e.g., Czernik, supra. Cross-reactivity with other fusionproteins is readily characterized by Western blotting alongside markersof known molecular weight. Amino acid sequences of cross-reactingproteins may be examined to identify sites highly homologous oridentical to the Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide sequenceto which the antibody binds. Undesirable cross-reactivity can be removedby negative selection using antibody purification on peptide columns(e.g. selecting out antibodies that bind either wild type Rspo, wildtype PTPRK, and/or wild type EIF3E).

Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide specific antibodies of theinvention that are useful in practicing the methods disclosed herein areideally specific for human fusion polypeptide, but are not limited onlyto binding the human species, per se. The invention includes theproduction and use of antibodies that also bind conserved and highlyhomologous or identical epitopes in other mammalian species (e.g. mouse,rat, monkey). Highly homologous or identical sequences in other speciescan readily be identified by standard sequence comparisons, such asusing BLAST, with a human Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide.

Antibodies employed in the methods of the invention may be furthercharacterized by, and validated for, use in a particular assay format,for example flow cytometry (FC), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and/orImmunocytochemistry (ICC). Antibodies may also be advantageouslyconjugated to fluorescent dyes (e.g. Alexa488, PE), or labels such asquantum dots, for use in multi-parametric analyses along with othersignal transduction (phospho-AKT, phospho-Erk 1/2) and/or cell marker(cytokeratin) antibodies.

C. Detection of Rspo Fusion Polynucleotide

Fusion-specific reagents provided by the invention also include nucleicacid probes and primers suitable for detection of an Rspo3-PTPRK orRspo2-EIF3E fusion polynucleotide, or other Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusionpolynucleotides, as provided herien. Such probes desirablely include,among others, breakpoint probes corresponding to both sides of thebreakpoints in wild-type Rspo and/or wildetype PTPRK genes, or wild-typeRspo and/or wild-type EIF3E genes, that produce the fusion. Specific useof such probes in assays such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization(FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification is describedherein.

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by PCR, such as regularPCR, Real-time PCR (Q-PCR) or digital PCR. A pair of primers is used toamplify the fusion genes. The primers are designed based on the fusiongene sequence to be amplified. Preferably, one primer hybridizes to afirst sequence of an Rspo gene and the second primer hybridizes to asecond sequence of a fusion partner gene. PCR can be performed on eithercDNA (as prepared from RNA using the biological sample) or genomic DNA,under conditions that can be optimized as known in the art.

In some embodiments, FISH is employed (as described in Verma et al.HUMAN CHROMOSOMES: A MANUAL OF BASIC TECHNIQUES, Pergamon Press, NewYork, N.Y. (1988)) and may be correlated with other physical chromosomemapping techniques and genetic map data. Examples of genetic map datacan be found in the 1994 Genome Issue of Science (265: 1981f).Correlation between the location of the gene encoding Rspo3-PTPRK orRspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide on a physical chromosomal map and aspecific disease, or predisposition to a specific disease, may helpdelimit the region of DNA associated with that genetic disease. Thenucleotide sequences of the subject invention may be used to detectdifferences in gene sequences between normal, carrier, or affectedindividuals.

In some embodiments, a first probe hybridizes to an Rspo gene sequenceand is labeled with a first color (e.g., red) and a second probehybridizes to a fusion partner gene sequence and is labeled with asecond color (e.g., green). In the case of Rspo fusion, the two probeshybridize to the fusion gene and become adjacent to each other. As aresult, the images of the two probes will merger, which results in adifferent color (e.g., yellow).

It shall be understood that all of the methods (e.g., PCR and FISH) thatdetect Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polynucleotides of theinvention may be combined with other methods that detect either mutantRspo polynucleotides or mutant Rspo polypeptides. For example, detectionof a Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polynucleotide in the geneticmaterial of a biological sample (e.g., in a circulating tumor cell) maybe followed by Western blotting analysis or immuno-histochemistry (IHC)analysis of the proteins of the sample to determine if the Rspo3-PTPRKor Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polynucleotide was actually expressed as aRspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polypeptide in the biological sample.Such Western blotting or IHC analyses may be performed using an antibodythat specifically binds to the polypeptide encoded by the detectedRspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion polynucleotide, or the analyses may beperformed using antibodies that specifically bind either to full lengthRspo (e.g., bind to the N-terminus of the protein) or to full lengthPTPRK (e.g., bind an epitope in the kinase domain of PTPRK). Such assaysare known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,468,252).

In another example, the CISH technology of Dako allows chromatogenicin-situ hybridization with immuno-histochemistry on the same tissuesection.

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by hybridization in aSouthern blot assay using a probe that comprise sequences from both theRspo gene and the fusion partner gene.

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by otherhybridization-based methods, such as microarray, branched DNA(QuantiGene®), ViewRNA® or RNAscope®.

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by hybridization usingmicroarray where a custom fusion gene microarray is used to detect Rspofusion transcripts from cancer specimens. The oligos are designed toenable combined measurements of chimeric transcript junctions withexon-wise measurements of individual fusion partners. See Skotheim, R I;Thomassen, G O; Eken, M; Lind, G E; Micci, F; Ribeiro, F R; Cerveira, N;Teixeira, M R et al. A universal assay for detection of oncogenic fusiontranscripts by oligo microarray analysis. Molecular Cancer 8: 5. (2009).

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by hybridization usingbranched DNA assay. In these embodiments a custom hybridization andsignal amplification assay, such as the branched DNA assay(QuantiGene®), is used to detect Rspo fusion transcripts in lysissolutions from cancer specimens. The sequences of capture extenderprobes and the label extender probes are derived from the exon sequencesof Rspo genes and fusion partner genes (e.g., PTPRK for Rspo3, EIF3E forRspo2) such as those exemplified in Example 9. See, Lu B., et al.Detection of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene expression in prostate cancerspecimens by a novel assay using branched DNA. Urology 74(5):1156-61(2009).

In some embodiments, Rspo fusion is detected by in situ hybridization. Acustom in situ hybridization and signal amplification assay, such as theRNAview® or RNAscope®, is used to detect Rspo fusion transcripts onformalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) or frozen tissues from cancerspecimens. The sequences of capture extender probes and the labelextender probes are derived from the exon sequences of Rspo genes andfusion partner genes (e.g., PTPRK for Rspo3, EIF3E for Rspo2) such asthose exemplified in Example 9. See, Wang F, Flanagan J, Su N, Wang L C,Bui S, Nielson A, Wu X, Vo H T, Ma X J, Luo Y. RNAscope: a novel in situRNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. JMol Diagn. 14(1):22-9 (2012)

In some embodiments, the Rspo fusion is detected by sequencing, such asSanger sequencing or Next-generation sequencing.

Sequencing by extending a sequencing primer or by extending an extensionproduct can be carried out using a variety of methods. For example,sequencing can be carried out with a labeled reversible terminator or byligation with a labeled oligonucleotide. Sequencing can be performedusing any commercially available method, such as a reversible terminatorbased sequencing method that is commercially available from companiessuch as Illumina, Inc. (San Diego, Calif.), and Life Technologies (IonTorrent).

In some embodiments, high-throughput sequencing involves the use oftechnology available from Roche/454 Lifesciences, Inc. (Branford,Conn.). Methods for using bead amplification followed by fiber opticsdetection are described in Marguiles, M., et al. “Genome sequencing inmicrofabricated high-density picolitre reactors”, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature03959; and well as in US Publication Application Nos.20020012930, 20030058629, 20030100102, 20030148344, 20040248161,20050079510, 20050124022 and 20060078909.

In some embodiments, high-throughput sequencing is performed usingClonal Single Molecule Array (Solexa, Inc/Illumina, Inc.) orsequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) utilizing reversible terminator chemistry.These technologies are described in part in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,969,488; 6,897,023; 6,833,246; 6,787,308; and US PublicationApplication Nos. 20040106130, 20030064398, 20030022207, and Constans,A., The Scientist 2003, 17(13):36.

In some embodiments, the method provided herein detects an R-spondinfusion that is (1) a PTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 fusion; (2) a PTPRKe7-Rspo3e2fusion; (3) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion; or (4) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e3 fusion.

In some embodiments, the method provided herein detects an R-spondinfusion that is (1) an EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (2) a PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion;(3) a PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion; (4) an HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion; or (5) aPTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion.

The R-spondin fusion generally results in expression of R-spondin genedriven by promoter of the fusion partner, such as PTPRK, EIF3E, EMC2,PVT1, or HNF4G gene.

The junction of the various Rspondin gene fusions are provided in Table8 (FIG. 5A) and Table 9 (FIG. 5B). Also provided are the sequences ofthe junction of the various gene fusions. It should be apparent to oneskilled in the art that that any sequences encompass the juntions asdetermined by sequencing from a biological sample may include partial orall of the sequences showed in Table 8 (FIG. 5A) and Table 9 (FIG. 5B).

D. Detection of R-Spondin Overexpression

In another aspect, the present invention provides compositions andmethods for detection of R-spondin overexpression or elevated expressionlevel. Overexpression of R-spondi may or may not co-exist withoverexpression or activation of Wnt.

R-spondin overexpression can be overexpression of either R-spondin mRNAor polypeptide, or both. The R-spondin can be either wild-type or avariant of R-spondin, such as R-spondin fusion as disclosed herein(e.g., Rspo3-PTPRK or Rspo2-EIF3E fusion).

R-spondin overexpression is determined relevant to a baseline expressionlevel, which is obtained by measuring expression level of R-spodin (mRNAor polypeptide) in normal cells or a normal subject population (e.g.,normal human population).

The expression level of R-spodin mRNA level is measured using methodsknown in the art, such as Northern blot, RT-PCR, RT-PCT combined withReal-time PCR, digital PCR, DNA array, high throughput sequencing, or insitu hybridization, Nanostring nCounter, and the like.

The expression level of R-spodin, either at mRNA level or protein level,is measured using methods known in the art, such as Western blot,protein array, immunohistology staining, and the like.

In some embodiments of any of the methods, elevated expression refers toan overall increase of about any of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater, in the level of biomarker(e.g., protein or nucleic acid (e.g., gene or mRNA)), detected bystandard art known methods such as those described herein, as comparedto a reference sample, reference cell, reference tissue, control sample,control cell, or control tissue. In certain embodiments, the elevatedexpression refers to the increase in expression level/amount of abiomarker in the sample wherein the increase is at least about any of1.5×, 1.75×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 6×, 7×, 8×, 9×, 10×, 25×, 50×, 75×, or 100×the expression level/amount of the respective biomarker in a referencesample, reference cell, reference tissue, control sample, control cell,or control tissue. In some embodiments, elevated expression refers to anoverall increase of greater than about 1.5 fold, about 1.75 fold, about2 fold, about 2.25 fold, about 2.5 fold, about 2.75 fold, about 3.0fold, or about 3.25 fold as compared to a reference sample, referencecell, reference tissue, control sample, control cell, control tissue, orinternal control (e.g., housekeeping gene).

E. Detection of Rspo Overexpression and/or Rspo Fusion Gene withNanostring nCounter

In another aspect, R-spondin gene fusion and/or R-spondin overexpressionis detected or determined using the nCounter® Analysis system(Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, Wash.). This system is described inInternational Patent Application Publication No. WO 08/124,847 and U.S.Pat. No. 8,415,102, which are each incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties for the teaching of this system.

NanoString does not require amplification of RNA, has low samplerequirements and is effective for evaluating the level of geneexpression in FFPE samples, such as tumor FFPE samples. Furthermore,NanoString is a multiplexed method for detecting gene expression andprovides a method for direct measurement of mRNAs without the use oftranscription or amplification. The RNA extracted from formalin fixedtumor specimens may be of very poor quality and until recently no suchanalysis was possible. NanoString, however, allows for analysis of thesespecimens. With a sensitivity of 500 attomolar NanoString can detect aslittle as one copy of RNA per cell using 100 nanograms of total RNA asinput.

The basis of the nCounter® Analysis system is the unique code assignedto each nucleic acid target to be assayed. The code is composed of anordered series of colored fluorescent spots which create a uniquebarcode for each target to be assayed. A pair of probes is designed foreach DNA or RNA target, a biotinylated capture probe and a reporterprobe carrying the fluorescent barcode. This system is also referred to,herein, as the nanoreporter code system.

Specific reporter and capture probes are synthesized for each target.Briefly, sequence-specific DNA oligonucleotide probes are attached tocode-specific reporter molecules. Preferably, each sequence specificreporter probe comprises a target specific sequence capable ofhybridizing to no more than one gene of interest (e.g. Rspo2, Rspo3, orone of their fusion gene counterpart) and optionally comprises at leasttwo, at least three, or at least four label attachment regions, and theattachment regions comprising one or more label monomers that emitlight. Capture probes are made by ligating a second sequence-specificDNA oligonucleotide for each target to a universal oligonucleotidecontaining biotin. Reporter and capture probes are all pooled into asingle hybridization mixture, the “probe library”. Preferably, the probelibrary comprises a probe pair (a capture probe and reporter) for eachof the genes of interest as provided herein.

The relative abundance of each target is measured in a singlemultiplexed hybridization reaction. The method comprises contacting abiological sample with a probe library, the library comprising a probepair for the genes of interest, such that the presence of the target inthe sample creates a probe pairs and target complex. The complex is thenpurified. More specifically, the sample is combined with the probelibrary, and hybridization occurs in solution. After hybridization, thetripartite hybridized complexes (probe pairs and target) are purified ina two-step procedure using magnetic beads linked to oligonucleotidescomplementary to universal sequences present on the capture and reporterprobes. This dual purification process allows the hybridization reactionto be driven to completion with a large excess of target-specificprobes, as they are ultimately removed, and, thus, do not interfere withbinding and imaging of the sample. All post hybridization steps arehandled roboticaly on a custom liquid-handling robot (Prep Station,NanoString Technologies).

Purified reactions are deposited by the Prep Station into individualflow cells of a sample cartridge, bound to a streptavidm-coated surfacevia the capture probe, electrophoresed to elongate the reporter probes,and immobilized. After processing, the sample cartridge is transferredto a fully automated imaging and data collection device (DigitalAnalyzer, NanoString Technologies). The expression level of a target ismeasured by imaging each sample and counting the number of times thecode for that target is detected. Data is output in simple spreadsheetformat listing the number of counts per target, per sample.

This system can be used along with nanoreporters. Additional disclosureregarding nanoreporters can be found in International Publication No. WO07/076,129 and WO 07/076,132, and US Patent Publication No. 2010/0015607and 2010/0261026, the contents of which are incorporated herein in theirentireties. Further, the term nucleic acid probes and nanoreporters caninclude the rationally designed (e.g. synthetic sequences) described inInternational Publication No. WO 2010/019826 and US Patent PublicationNo. 2010/0047924, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

One advantage of the nCounter system is the capacity to measure bothgene fusion and gene overexpression in a single assay. nCounter ElementChemistry assay enable multiplexed assays capable of detecting anddiscriminating over 200 expressed gene and gene fusions in a singlereaction. Known gene fusions can be characterized with specific probepairs targeting fusion junction sequence. Novel fusion genotypes withoutknowledge of partner genes can be identified by the 5′ and 3′ exonimbalance. The ratio of exons expression 5′ upstream and 3′ downstreamof the fusion junction can be robustly assessed with sequence specificprobes. A ratio of 5′/3′ expression that diverges from 1 is thereforeindicative that a fusion event has occurred. Increased Rspo2 and Rspo3expression driven by their 5′ fusion partner genes in cancer stem cellsis additional strong indicator to a fusion event. See Lira M E, Kim T M,Huang D, Deng S, Koh Y, Jang B, Go H, Lee S H, Chung D H, Kim W H,Schoenmakers E F, Choi Y L, Park K, Ahn J S, Sun J M, Ahn M J, Kim D W,Mao M. Multiplexed gene expression and fusion transcript analysis todetect ALK fusions in lung cancer. J Mol Diagn 2013 15(1):51-61. Lira ME, Choi Y L, Lim S M, Deng S, Huang D, Ozeck M, Han J, Jeong J Y, Shim HS, Cho B C, Kim J, Ahn M J, Mao M. A single-tube multiplexed assay fordetecting ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions in lung cancer. J Mol Diagn 201416(2):229-243.

NanoString and aspects thereof are described in Geiss et al., “Directmultiplexed measurement of gene expression with color-coded probe pairs”Nature Biotechnology 26, 317-325 (2008); in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,473,767,7,941,279 and 7,919,237, and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2010/0112710, the entire contents of each of which are herebyincorporated by reference. NanoString is also discussed in: Payton etal., “High throughput digital quantification of mRNA abundance inprimary human acute myeloid leukemia samples” The Journal of ClinicalInvestigation 119(6): 1714-1726 (2009); and Vladislav et al.“Multiplexed measurements of gene signatures in different analytes usingthe NanoStringnCounter Assay System” BMC Research Notes 2: 80 (2009),the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

Gene expression of R-Spondin is in general correlated with WNTpathwayactivation, and minimal in most differentiated tissues with inactivatedWNT signaling. When Rspo2 and Rspo3 coding genes are fused to the 3′ endof an actively transcribed gene, their expression is significantlyelevated and potentially drives tumorgenesis. FIG. 4 depicts theNanostring nCounter quantification of Rspo2 and Rspo3 transcripts in 100ng total RNA of tumors. Rspo2 or Rspo3 transcripts in the tumorsharboring Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusion gene are more than 100× compared to thatin the tumors without a fusion. In addition, 5′-end exons are absentwhen Rspo2 and Rspo3 fused to their partners, resulting in the imbalanceof 5′ and 3′ exons. Thus, the amount of 5′-end exons is notable lowerthan the amount of 3′ exons in Rspo2 and Rspo3 mRNAs, which they fuse totheir partner genes.

In some embodiments, the overexpression of Rspo2 and/or Rspo3 fusion ismore than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, or more fold thatn in the tumor (or normal tissue) without thefusion.

F. Screening and Treatment of Subject with Rspo Overexpression and/orRspo Fusion Gene

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method fordetermining whether a subject with cancer should be treated with acomposition that inhibits Wnt activity, usch as a Procupine antagonistor inhibitor the method comprising: (a) isolating a biological samplefrom the subject; (b) performing an assay on the biological sample todetermine expression of Rspo mRNA or polypeptide and/or identify thepresence or absence of an R-spondin fusion; and (c) determining that thesubject should be treated with a composition that inhibits Porcupineactivity if the biological sample contains Rspo mRNA or polypeptideoverexpression and/or an R-spondin fusion, wherein the compositioncomprises a Porcupine inhibitor provided herien.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises treating the subjectwith the composition provided herein.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

IV. Assays and Kits for Screening of Subject with Rspo Overexpressionand/or Rspo Fusion Gene

In another aspect, the present invention provides kus for screening of asubject (e.g., a human patient) for Rspo2 and/or Rspo3 gene fusionsand/or over expression.

The assay kits and methods of the invention may be used to identifypatient, cell, or tissue that is predicted to be responsive to aparticular Wnt inhibitor. The use of such a companion diagnostic kitwould be similar to other companion diagnostic tests approved bygovernmental drug registration agencies for use with approved drugs.See, for example, the approvals by the Food and Drug Administration in2011 of crizotinib for the treatment of ALK4-mutated lung cancer and ofvemurafenib for BRAF-mutated melanoma.

The assay kits and methods of the invention may also be useful foridentifying treatments that can improve the responsiveness of cancercells which are resistant to Wnt inhibitors, and to develop adjuvanttreatments that enhance the response of the Wnt inhibitors.

The assay kits and methods of the invention are useful to patients withany cancer that can be treated with Wnt inhibitors, such as orpancreatic cancer or colon cancer, or any tumors whose growth can beslowed by Wnt inhibitors, such as ductal carcinomas, adenocarcinomas ormelanomas. Such patients may, as a result of the methods providedherein, be spared from side effects and financial costs of anineffective therapy in the event that they do not have Rspo2 or Rspo2gene fusions and/or overexpression. The assay kits and methods of theinvention are also useful to physicians, who can recommend, a Wntinhibitor therapy, or not, to particular patients based on informationon the molecular characteristics of their tumors. The assay kits andmethods of the invention will also usefully increase the demand fordevelopment of an efficient human Rspodin assay to be made availablewith yet-to-be developed nucleotide probes.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an assay kit for selecting acancer patient who is predicted to benefit or not to benefit fromtherapeutic administration of a Wnt inhibitor. The assay kit includes:

(a) a means or system for detecting in a sample of tumor cells a levelof a biomarker or a combination of biomarkers selected from: (i) a Rspo2 and/or Rspo 3 gene fusion; or (ii) a level of expression of Rspo2and/or Rspo 3genes.(b) a control selected from: (i) a control sample for detectingsensitivity to the Wnt inhibitor; (ii) a control sample for detectingresistance to the Wnt inhibitor; (iii) information containing apredetermined control level of the biomarker that has been correlatedwith sensitivity to the Wnt inhibitor; or (iv) information containing apredetermined control level of the biomarker that has been correlatedwith resistance to the Wnt inhibitor.

In one embodiment, the kit can further include a means system fordetecting a fusion of the Rspo2 gene or Rspo3 gene.

In one embodiment, the means for detecting the mutation is a nucleotideprobe that hybridizes to a portion of the Rspo2 gene or Rspo33 gene. Ina particular embodiment, the means for detecting is a fluorescent insitu hybridization (FISH) probe. Any of the means for detecting cancontain a detectable label. Any of the means for detecting can beimmobilized on a substrate.

The assay kit may also include one or more controls. The controls couldinclude: (i) a control sample for detecting sensitivity to the Wntinhibitor being evaluated for use in a patient; (ii) a control samplefor detecting resistance to the Wnt inhibitor; (iii) informationcontaining a predetermined control level of particular biomarker to bemeasured with regard to Wnt inhibitor sensitivity or resistance (e.g., apredetermined control level of Rspo2 and/or Rspo3 gene fusion and/oroverexpression level that has been correlated with sensitivity to theWnt inhibitor or resistance to Wnt inhibitor).

The kit can also include a means for detecting a control marker that ischaracteristic of the cell type being sampled can generally be any typeof reagent that can be used in a method of detecting the presence of aknown marker (at the nucleic acid or protein level) in a sample, such asby a method for detecting the presence of a biomarker describedpreviously herein. Specifically, the means is characterized in that itidentifies a specific marker of the cell type being analyzed thatpositively identifies the cell type. For example, in a lung tumor assay,it is desirable to screen lung epithelial cells for the level of thebiomarker expression or biological activity. Therefore, the means fordetecting a control marker identifies a marker that is characteristic ofan epithelial cell and preferably, a lung epithelial cell, so that thecell is distinguished from other cell types, such as a connective tissueor inflammatory cell. Such a means increases the accuracy andspecificity of the assay of the invention. Such a means for detecting acontrol marker include, but are not limited to: a probe that hybridizesunder stringent hybridization conditions to a nucleic acid moleculeencoding a protein marker; PCR primers which amplify such a nucleic acidmolecule; an aptamer that specifically binds to a conformationallydistinct site on the target molecule; or an antibody, antigen bindingfragment thereof, or antigen binding peptide that selectively binds tothe control marker in the sample. Nucleic acid and amino acid sequencesfor many cell markers are known in the art and can be used to producesuch reagents for detection.

In some embodiments, the assay or kit include the probes and othernecessary reagents of the nCounter system. Nanostring nCounter assay canbe conducted in multiple designs in detecting fusion junctions andassessing gene expression: (1) Codeset design employs two ˜50 baseprobes per mRNA that hybridize in solution. The Reporter Probe carriesthe signal; the Capture Probe allows the complex to be immobilized fordata collection; (2) Element Tagset GRP design utilizes digital,molecular barcoding chemistry based on NanoString's patented technologythat allows users to assemble their own assays; and 3) universaljunction sequence design utilizes toehold exchange technology to enablehighly specific detection.

REFERENCE

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EXAMPLES

The present invention is further exemplified, but not limited, by thefollowing and Examples that illustrate the preparation of the compoundsof the invention.

Abbreviation Definition or Explanation DCM Dichloromethane DIEAN,N′-Diisopropylethylamine DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide eq. equivalents TEATriethylamine THF Tetrahydrofuran RT Room Temperature EA Ethyl acetatePd₂(dba)₃ Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) s-Phos2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl Pd(PPh₃)₄Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium

Example 1 Synthesis ofN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(Compound No. 1)

Step 1:

2-Cyanoacetamide (50 g, 601.8 mmol) and ethyl acetoacetate (75 mL, 601.8mmol) were dissolved in MeOH. KOH (37.0 g, 1.1 eq) was dissolved inMeOH, and added dropwise into the mixture, some white solid came out.The mixture was heated up to reflex at oil bath for 8 h, and then cooleddown to RT. The solid was filtered and then re-dissolved into hot water,and then filtered again. 6N HCl was added into the filtration toneutralize till pH<7. The white solid was out again and filtered. Thesolid was further washed with MeOH, water and MeOH, and then dried byvacuum to get the final product 3-ethynyl-4-methylpyridine-2,6-diol(yield ˜41%).

Step 2:

3-ethynyl-4-methylpyridine-2,6-diol (28.0 g, 195.2 mmol) was dissolvedin POCl₃ (60.0 mL). The reaction mixture was sealed in a pressure tubeand heated up to 180° C. for 6 h. After the reaction was cooled down toroom temperature, the excessive POCl₃ was removed under the vacuum.Slowly added crushed ice into the mixture, and the solid came out.Filtered the solid out and dried under the vacuum to get the finalproduct 2,6-dichloro-4-methylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (yield ˜92%)without further purity.

Step 3:

2,6-dichloro-4-methylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (20.0 g, 107.5 mmol) in 200mL of isopropyl alchohol was added N,N-dimethylformamide dimethlacetal(12.82 g, 107.5 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 65° C. for 18 h.After cooling down the reaction to RT, the precipitate was collected byfiltration and washed with 50 mL of isopropyl alchohol, and air dried togive the product2,6-dichloro-4-((E)-2-(dimethylamino)vinyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile(yield ˜26%) without further purification.

Step 4:

2,6-dichloro-4-((E)-2-(dimethylamino)vinyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4.0g, 16.6 mmol) was added with 20 mL concentrated HCl in a sealed tube.The reaction is stirred at 45° C. for 18 h. After cooling down thereaction to RT, ice water was added to the solution resulting heavyyellow slurry. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed withcold water, ether and ethyl acetate, and dried under vacuum to get lightyellow solid 6,8-dichloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (yield ˜80%). MSm/z 215.0 (M+1). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ11.75 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H),7.50 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 5:

6,8-dichloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (3.0 g, 13.96 mmol) wasdissolved in iPrOH (120 mL) to form a kind of suspension. The solutionwas cooled down to 0° C. in ice bath, and then hydrazine solution (5.6g, 80%, 10 eq) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at RT for 15minutes, and then heated in oil bath at 55° C. for overnight. After thereaction mixture was cooled down to RT, filtered to get the soliddirectly, and then the solid was washed with 70 mL MeOH and dried byvaccum. The product 6-chloro-8-hydrazinyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one(yield ˜98%) was used in the next step reaction directly without furtherpurification.

Step 6:

6-chloro-8-hydrazinyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (1.50 g, 7.12 mmol) wasdissolved into MeCN (90 mL) to form a kind of suspension. 1N NaOH (17.80mL, 2.5 eq) was added, and then equal amount of water (107.80 mL) wasadded into the mixture. The reaction mixture was heated at 50° C.,stirred till becoming the clear solution. The solution was cooled downto 0° C. again, and NaOCl (11.05 g, 12% solution, 2.5 eq) was addeddropwise, and then reaction was stirred at RT for overnight. After thereaction was done, the solution was cooled down to 0° C. and then addedinto 1N HCl to neutralize (pH ˜6). Precipitate was collected and thefiltrate was extracted with 100 mL×2 EA. The organic layer was combinedand dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give additional crude product.The combined solid material 6-chloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (yield˜93%) was used in the next reaction without further purification. MS m/z181.1 (M+1).

Step 7:

6-chloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (400 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added inPOCl₃ (20.0 mL) in a pressure tube. The reaction mixture was heated upto 160° C. for 4 h to get a clear solution. The solution was cooled downto room temperature and poured in DCM, and added crushed ice slowly.Saturated NaHCO₃ was added into the mixture to neutralize HCl generatedin the reaction. Vacuum to remove DCM and the left water solution wasextracted by 100 mL×2 EA. The combined organic layers were washed withbrine once, and dried by Na₂SO₄, and then evaporated under the vacuum toget the solid 1,6-dichloro-2,7-naphthyridine (yield ˜73%) to use in thenext step reaction without further purifications. MS m/z 199.0 (M+1).

Step 8:

(4-bromophenyl)methanamine (1.00 g, 5.37 mmol) and2-methylpyridin-4-yl-4-boronic acid (883.30 mg, 6.45 mmol) weredissolved in BuOH (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). K₃PO₄ (2.28 g, 10.75mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (120.20 mg, 0.27 mmol) and S-phos (220.70 mg, 0.54mmol) were added in under N₂. The reaction mixture was sealed in apressure tube and heated up to 125° C. for 1 h. After cooling down thereaction to RT, the mixture was poured into the water and extracted by100 mL×3 EA. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, driedover Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under the vacuum to give the crudeproduct. The solid was purified by silicone gel column with 10% MeOH(containing ˜2N NH₃) in DCM to get the pure(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)methanamine (yield ˜89%). MS m/z 199.1(M+1).

Step 9:

1,6-dichloro-2,7-naphthyridine (160 mg, 0.80 mmol) and(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)methanamine (239.10 mg, 1.21 mmol) weredissolved in BuOH (5.0 mL) and heated up to 115° C. for overnight. Afterthe reaction was cooled down to RT, the organic solvent was removedunder the vacuum. The crude product was purified by silicone gel flashchromatography with EA/hexane (1:1) to get the solidN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-chloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(yield ˜90%). MS m/z 361.1 (M+1).

Step 10:

N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-chloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(50.00 mg, 0.14 mmol) and 2-methylpyridin-4-yl-4-boronic acid (56.90 mg,0.42 mmol) were dissolved in BuOH (3.0 mL) and water (0.6 mL). K₃PO₄(88.20 mg, 0.028 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (6.20 mg, 0.014 mmol) and S-phos(11.40 mg, 0.011 mmol) were added into the mixture under N₂. Thereaction was sealed in a pressure tube and heated up to 105° C. forovernight. After cooling down the reaction to RT, the mixture was pouredin water and extracted by EA for three times. The combined organic layerwas washed with brine, dried by Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under thevacuum. The crude product was further purified by prep-TLC with 5% MeOHin DCM to get the final productN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(yield ˜70%). MS m/z 418.2 (M+1). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ2.46 (s, 3H),2.63 (s, 3H), 4.94 (d, J=5.10 Hz, 2H), 5.94 (br, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=5.70Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=4.20 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.10 Hz, 2H),7.63 (d, J=8.40 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s,1H), 8.51 (m, 2H), 9.08 (s, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H).

Example 2 Synthesis ofN-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(Compound No. 2)

Step 1:

6-chloro-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (200 mg, 1.10 mmol) and2-methylpyridin-4-yl-4-boronic acid (227.60 mg, 1.66 mmol) weredissolved in BuOH (5.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL). K₃PO₄ (705.20 g, 3.32mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (49.60 mg, 0.22 mmol) and S-phos (91.00 mg, 0.11 mmol)were added under N₂. The reaction mixture in the pressure tube washeated up to 130° C. for 1 h. After cooling down the reaction to RT,poured the mixture into the water, extracted by EA for three times. Thecombined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,concentrated under the vacuum to get the crude. The crude product waspurified by column with 5% MeOH in DCM to get the final compound6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (yield ˜61%). MS m/z238.1 (M+1).

Step 2:

6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one (150 mg, 0.63 mmol)was dissolved in POCl₃ (15.0 mL), the pressure tube was sealed andheated up to 160° C. for 4 h. After cooling down the reaction to RT,excessive POCl₃ was removed under vacuum. Crushed ice was slowly addedinto the mixture, and then added into NaHCO₃ to neutralize until pH˜7.5. Extracted the solution by EA three times, the combined organiclayer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by column with EA/hexane (1:1) to get thecompound 1-chloro-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridine (yield˜55%). MS m/z 256.1 (M+1).

Step 3:

1-chloro-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridine (10.00 mg, 0.039mmol) and (3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)methanamine (10.00mg, 0.047 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (1.0 mL). KO^(t)Bu (8.80 mg,0.078 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.90 mg, 0.0039 mmol) and BINAP (4.90 mg, 0.0078mmol) was added into the mixture under N₂. The reaction was heated up to100° C. overnight. After cooling down the reaction to RT, poured themixture into the water, extracted by EA for three times. The combinedorganic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, thenconcentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by prep-TLC byEA/hexane (4:1) to getN-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine(8.8 mg, yield ˜52%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.31 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s,3H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 4.91 (d, J=5.10 Hz, 2H), 5.88 (br, 1H), 7.00 (d,J=5.40 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=5.10 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=7.50Hz, 1H), 7.36 (m, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=4.50 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s,1H), 8.24 (d, J=6.00 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=5.40Hz, 1H), 9.31 (s, 1H). MS m/z 432.2 (M+1).

Example 3 Synthesis of6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine(Compound No. 3)

Step 1:

6-bromoisoquinoline (1.80 g, 8.66 mmol) was dissolved n DCM (40 mL),after cooling down the reaction to 0° C. m-CPBA (2.30 g, 1.3 eq, 77%max) was added slowly in small portion. The reaction was warmed up to RTto become a kind of white suspension. In 4 hours, 100 mL DCM was addedinto the solution, and washed with saturated Na₂CO₃ solution, water andbrine. The separated organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and removedunder the vacuum to get the yellow solid N-oxide 6-bromoisoquinolinewithout further purification (1.82 g, yield ˜93%).

Step 2:

N-oxide 6-bromoisoquinoline (1.82 g, 8.12 mmol) was dissolved in dry DCM(80 mL), POCl₃ (1.12 ml, 1.5 eq) was added dropwise at RT. The reactionwas heated to 45° C. for 2 hours. After cooling down the reaction to RT,DCM and excessive POCl₃ were removed under the vacuum. The crude wasre-dissolved into 100 mL DCM and was washed by saturated Na₂CO₃, waterand brine. The separated organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated to give brown solid. The crude was purified by flash columnusing 2% MeOH in DCM to get the pale yellow solid6-bromo-1-chloroisoquinoline (1.27 g, yield ˜65%). MS m/z 242.0 (M+1).

Step 3:

(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methanamine (300 mg, 2.1 mmol) and2-methylpyridin-4-ylboronic acid (345 mg, 2.52 mmol) were dissolved in apressure tube with n-butanol (10 mL) and water (2 mL). K₃PO₄ (893 mg,4.2 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (96.3 mg, 0.105 mmol), and S-phos (86.4 mg, 0.21mmol) were added under the nitrogen protection. The reaction was heatedto 125° C. for 30 minutes and then cooled down to room temperature. Thesolution was pull in water and extracted by EA for three times. Thecombined organic layer was washed by brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated under the vacuum. The crude was further purified by flashchromatography with 10% MeOH (containing ˜2N NH₃) in DCM to get the pure(6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methanamine (0.19 g, yield ˜45%).MS m/z 200.1 (M+1).

Step 4:

6-bromo-1-chloroisoquinoline (100 mg, 0.41 mmol) and(6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methanamine (165 mg, 0.82 mmol)were dissolved in 0.5 mL n-BuOH in a sealed tube. The reaction was heatup to 160° C. for 6 h and cooled down to RT. The crude was purified byflash chromatography using 8% MeOH (containing ˜2N NH3) in DCM to getthe pure6-bromo-N-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine(116 mg, ˜70%). MS m/z 405.2 (M+1).

Step 5:

6-bromo-N-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine(20 mg, 0.05 mmol), 3-fluorophenylboronic acid (10.5 mg, 0.075 mmol),Na₂CO₃ (21 mg, 0.2 mmol) and Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (5.8mg, 0.005 mmol) were added in a pressure tube. Dioxane/water (3:1, 2 mL)was added into the tube and heated to 125° C. for 10 minutes. Aftercooling down the reaction to RT, the solution was diluted by 50 mL waterand extracted by EA for 3 times. The combined organic layer was driedover Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under the vacuum. The crude was furtherpurified by flash chromatography with 10% MeOH (containing ˜2N NH3) inDCM to get the pure6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine(15.8 mg, ˜75%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ2.71 (s, 3H), 5.00 (d, J=5.6Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.83 (m, 3H), 8.10(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.27-8.31 (m, 2H), 8.39 (s,2H), 8.72 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (d, J=1.6 Hz,1H), 10.02 (s, 1H). MS m/z 421.2 (M+1).

Example 4 Synthesis ofN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine(Compound No. 4)

Step 1:

1,6-naphthyridin-5(6H)-one (2.9 g, 19.84 mmol) was dissolved in POCl₃(40 mL) and heated up to 100° C. for 24 h. After cooling down thereaction to room temperature, the excessive POCl₃ was removed under thevacuum. Small amount crushed ice in saturated Na₂CO₃ solution was addedslowly, and lots of bubbles and solid came out. The solid was filtered,and the solution was extracted by EA for 3 times. The combined organiclayer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under the vacuum. Thecombined solid was further dried under the vacuum to get5-chloro-1,6-naphthyridine without further purification (2.6 g, yield˜80%). MS m/z 165.1 (M+1).

Step 2:

5-chloro-1,6-naphthyridine (1.5 g, 9.11 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (45mL) and cooled down by ice bath, m-CPBA (3.7 g, 2 eq, 77% max) was addedin small portion and slowly. The reaction was warmed up to RT andcontinued for 3 h. 100 mL more DCM was added into the solution, andwashed with saturated Na₂CO₃ solution, water and brine. The organiclayer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under the vacuum to getyellow solid N-oxide 5-chloro-1,6-naphthyridine without furtherpurification (1.25 g, yield ˜76%).

Step 3:

N-oxide 5-chloro-1,6-naphthyridine (1.2 g, 6.64 mmol) was dissolved indry DCM (30 mL), Et3N (1.85 mL, 13.29 mmol) was added and followed bydropwise adding POCl₃ (0.93 mL, 9.97 mmol) in 5 mL dry DCM. The reactionwas heated to 48° C. for 2 h. 100 mL more DCM was added into thesolution, and washed with saturated Na₂CO₃ solution, water and brine.The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under thevacuum to get the yellow solid. The crude was further purified bysilicon column using EA/hexane (1:4) to get white solid2,5-dichloro-1,6-naphthyridine (0.6 g, yield ˜45%). MS m/z 199.0 (M+1)

Step 4:

2,5-dichloro-1,6-naphthyridine (200 mg, 1.0 mmol),2-methylpyridin-4-yl-4-boronic acid (137 mg, 1.0 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (424 mg,4.0 mmol) and Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (116 mg, 0.1 mmol)were added in a flask, dioxane 16 mL and water 4 mL were further added.The reaction was stirred very well and heated to 90° C. for 4 h. Aftercooling down the reaction to RT, the solution was diluted by 100 mLwater and extracted by EA for 3 times. The combined organic layer wasdried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under the vacuum. The crude wasfurther purified by flash chromatography with EA/hexane (1:1) to get thesolid 5-chloro-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridine (143 mg, yield˜56%). MS m/z 256.1 (M+1)

Step 5:

5-chloro-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridine (20.00 mg, 0.078mmol) and (4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)methanamine (25 mg, 0.118mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2.0 mL). KO^(t)Bu (13.2 mg, 0.118mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (2.7 mg, 0.012 mmol) and BINAP (15.0 mg, 0.024 mmol)were added into the mixture under N₂. The reaction was heated up to 100°C. overnight. After cooling down the reaction to RT, poured the mixtureinto the water, extracted by EA for three times. The combined organiclayer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, then concentrated undervacuum. The crude product was purified by prep-TLC by 8% MeOH in DCM toN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine(31 mg, yield ˜61%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ9.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),8.77-8.83 (m, 2H), 8.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=6.4Hz, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),5.76 (s, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (s, 6H). MS m/z 432.2 (M+1).

Example 5 Synthesis ofN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine(Compound No. 5)

Step 1:

To 20 mL of ethanol was added phenyl gloyoxal monohydrate (940 mg, 6.99mmol) and 2-chloro-3,4-diaminopyridine (1000 mg, 6.99 mmol). The mixturewas refluxed for overnight. After cooling down the reaction, the crudeprecipitated product was filtered and washed with 15 mL ethanol anddried under vacuum to get 5-chloro-2-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine withoutfurther purification (1.28 g, yield ˜76%), MS m/z 241.0 (M+1); 1H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38-8.43(m, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.68 (m, 3H).

Step 2:

N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-amine(50 mg, 0.21 mmol) and (4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)methanamine (42mg, 0.21 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (4.0 mL). KO^(t)Bu (24 mg, 0.21mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (4.5 mg, 0.021 mmol) and BINAP (26.4 mg, 0.042 mmol) wasadded into the mixture under N₂. The reaction was heated up to 100° C.for overnight. After cooling down the reaction to RT, poured the mixtureinto the water, extracted by EA for three times. The combined organiclayer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, then concentrated undervacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using 7%MeOH in DCM to getN-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine(61 mg, yield ˜72%). MS m/z=404.2 (M+1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ9.53 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 8.35-8.39 (m, 2H), 8.21 (s, 1H),8.11 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),7.60-7.65 (m, 5H), 7.14 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=6.4Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H).

Example 6

RNA Extraction and SYBR Green Real-Time RT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from frozen tumor tissue using RNAeasy extractionkit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions and reversetranscribed into 1^(st) cDNA. Rspo2 forward primer5′-AGAGGCCGTTGCTTTGATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:1) and reverse primer5′-TCCCCATTCGCTCCAATGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:2). GAPDH forward primer5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:3) and reverse primer5′-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:4). 1:200 diluted cDNA templatewas used for GAPDH amplification. The PCR amplification profile forRspo2, Rspo3 and GAPDH was one cycle of 10 min at 94° C. followed by 40cycles in two steps consisting of 15 second at 94° C. and 1 min at 60°C. The fluorescence intensity of the products was measured at the end ofeach cycle and post-PCR melt curve analysis was performed to detectprimer-dimers or other non-specific products and to confirm thespecificity of the target. Amplification, data acquisition and analysiswere carried out using an Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCRinstrument (Life Technologies, Foster City, Calif.). Three replicates ofeach sample with specific primers were performed in 96-well plate alongwith positive control and negative control. The positive and negativecontrols were total RNAs from tumor tissues, in which Rspo2 and Rspo3expression was previously characterized. The relative of Rspo2 and Rspo3was determine by ΔCt, where ΔCt=Ct (Rspo2 or Rspo3)−Ct (GAPDH).

5′ RACE, Cloning and Sequencing

Total RNA was used to amplify the 5′ end of the human Rspo2 or Rspo3mRNA using the SMARTer® RACE 5′/3′ kit (Clontech Laboratories, MountainView, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The Rspo2 exon 2 gene specific primer 5′-GATTACGCCAAGCTTCGTCTCCATCGGTTGCCTTGGCAGTGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:5), exon3 gene specific primer5′-GATTACGCCAAGCTTGCAGGCACTCTCCATACTGGCGCATCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:6), exon 3nested primer 5′-GATTACGCCAAGCTTGGGCTCGGTGTCCATAGTACCC GGATGGG-3′ (SEQID NO.:7). The Rspo3 exon 3 gene specific primer 5′-GATTACGCCAAGCTTGGTTGTTGGCTTCCAACCCTTCTGGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:8) and exon3 nestedgene specific primer 5′-GATTACGCCAAGCTTGGACCCGTGTTTCAGTCCCTCTTTTGAAGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO.:9). 15nt in-fusion cloning primer(underlined) was included at the 5′ end for RACE product cloning usingthe SMARTer® RACE 5′/3′ kit (Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View,Calif.).

The 5′ RACE products were cloned into the In-Fusion vector. The insertof 10 clones was sequenced by the M13 primer and analyzed by NCBInucleotide BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).

Nanostring nCounter Element Chemistry Technology

nCounter assays were performed with customized designed Elementchemistry probes according to the manufacturer's protocol (NanoString,Seattle, Wash.). Briefly, 150 ng of total RNA was hybridized to nCounterprobe sets for 17.75 hours at 67° C. and ramp down to 4° C. for about 3h. Samples were processed using an automated nCounter Sample PrepStation (NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, Wash.). Cartridgescontaining immobilized and aligned reporter complex were subsequentlyimaged on an nCounter Digital Analyzer (NanoString Technologies, Inc.).Reporter counts were collected using NanoString's nSolver analysissoftware 2.0, normalized, and analyzed with positive controls andhousekeeping genes.

TABLE 2 Nanostring Element chemistry probe A (capture probe) SEQ ID NameSequence  NO. NM_001101.2: GATCTTGATCTTCATTGTGCTGGGTGCCAGG 10 1010_T001GCAGTGATCTCCTTCTGCACCTCAAGACCTA AGCGACAGCGTGACCTTGTTTCA NM_002046.3:AAGTGGTCGTTGAGGGCAATGCCAGCCCCAG 11 972_T002CGTCAAAGCATCCTCTTCTTTTCTTGGTGTT GAGAAGATGCTC NM_004655.3:TCGGAACAGGTAAGCACCGTCTTGATCGCCC 12 527_T003AATAAGGAGTGTAAGGACTCACAATTCTGCG GGTTAGCAGGAAGGTTAGGGAAC NM_003667.3:GAAAACCCTTATTTTCCTAATTCCCCCAACA 13 3414_T004ACCTCTTGAGTTTGTGGGTCTGTTGAGATTA TTGAGCTTCATCATGACCAGAAG NM_178565.4:TTCCTGCGCTTTCTCCACGGTCACTTCACAG 14 150_T005CTAAGATTTCTTTCAAAGACGCCTATCTTCC AGTTTGATCGGGAAACT NM_178565.4:GATGAGGGCAAAGGAGAAAAGGCGAAACTGC 15 641_T006ATCTGGGCGGTCGGGCGGGCGAACCTAACTC CTCGCTACATTCCTATTGTTTTC NM_178565.4:CTCCAATGACCAACTTCACATCCTTCCACAC 16 1060_T007ATTCCATGGTTTCTTCTAACCAATTTGGTTT TACTCCCCTCGATTATGCGGAGT NM_178565.4:GTTGTGTTTCATCAAAGTCATCACATCTTAG 17 2289_T008ACTCAAAGGCAGTTTGGGCCTTTCGGGTTAT ATCTATCATTTACTTGACACCCT Fusion_0622.CCTCCTTTACAGAGAGAAATTCAAGAAGCG 18 1:69_T009GAAAGACTAGATGCCGATCCCAACAGCCAC TTTTTTTCCAAATTTTGCAAGAGCC Fusion_0623.CCACGAACCTTCCCAAGTGACATCGTAAAG 19 1:33_T010CTCTGAGACCTTCGCCATCTCACCGTGTGG ACGGCAACTCAGAGATAACGCATAT Fusion_0625.AAGGCTGTGGTAGGGAACGGAGTCTATATT 20 1:77_T011TGTAGAGAAGAGTAGAATCACCTGGAGTTT ATGTATTGCCAACGAGTTTGTCTTT Fusion 0624.AACTGGAGGGCAGATCTGGCCGTGTCTC 21 1:155_T012 CACAGGTCAGATAAGGTTGTTATTGTGGAGGATGTTACTACA NM_032784.4: TAAAATATATGTAGGTGTTAGGCGTATATA 22 173_T013GACAGTGCCCGAGCAGCGGGCTTCCTTCCT GTGTTCCAGCTACAAACTTAGAAAC NM_032784.4:CTTCTGGGCAATTGTCAAGGCACTTTCCAA 23 634_T014GGTGTAAGTAAAATCCACTTCATAAAATTG GTTTTGCCTTTCAGCAATTCAACTT NM_032784.4:CTCCCGGTCAAAACAACACTGTCCTTTGAA 24 1520_T015GGATGTTTCTCTTCCCTGAACTGGTCAAGA CTTGCATGAGGACCCGCAAATTCCT Fusion_0169.CTTGGGGCATCTCGGGTGGTAGATAATGAG 25 1:1_T016GCTCTTGAGCACTAACATGCTTTCGTTGGG ACGCTTGAAGCGCAAGTAGAAAAC Fusion_0736.CACAAGGATAACTCAGTACTTGGATGTCAT 26 1:0_T017CAATGGCAATATAACCACTTCCAGCAGACC TGCAATATCAAAGTTATAAGCGCGT Fusion_0170.CTCTCACAATAAGTTGAGCAAAATTGGACA 27 1:1_T018CACCGGAACCTCGTTCTGACCTGCCAATGC ACTCGATCTTGTCATTTTTTTGCG Fusion 0737.CATCTTCATCAGTTTGAATAATTGTCTCTT 28 1:0_T019CACCTCTCCTTCTTCCCTCCAAACTGGAGA GAGAAGTGAAGACGATTTAACCCA Fusion_0524.CTGCGGAGAACTGGCCTTGGGCCGATCC 29 1:0_T020 CAGGAGACGATTGCTGCATTCCGCTCAACGCTTGAGGAAGTA Fusion_0525. CTGCACATTTTGTTCTGGTGATTAGTGGAG 30 1:0_T021GTCCTGGGAGCTGAGGCTGTTAAAGCTGTA GCAACTCTTCCACGA Fusion_0526.CTTTTGTAGCAATGCGTACGCACTGGGTTT 31 1:0_T022TAGTTTCCTTCTCCACACTGCTAGGACGCA AATCACTTGAAGAAGTGAAAGCGAG Fusion_0684.CTCCTTTTCACTTGTCATTTCAGTAACTGC 32 1:0_T023AGGCCTTTTCTGCGGAGAACCCACGCGATG ACGTTCGTCAAGAGTCGCATAATCT Fusion_0738.CTGAGATATTGGTGGTGACATTGATGGCTG 33 1:0_T024TGGCTGGACCAAAGCCTTTGCATTTGGAAT GATGTGTACTGGGAATAAGACGACG

TABLE 3 Nanostring Element Chemistry Probe B design (reporter probe)SEQ ID Name Sequence NO. NM_001101.2:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCAGGATGGAGCCGCCG 34 1010_ProbeBATCCACACGGAGTACTTGCGCTCAGGAGGAGCAAT NM_002046.3:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCCCTGTTGCTGTAGC 35 972_ProbeBCAAATTCGTTGTCATACCAGGAAATGAGCTTGACA NM_004655.3:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCGCAAACCAGAAGTCT 36 527_ProbeBAAGGTATCCACGCATTTCTCCCTCTCCAGGAAAGT NM_003667.3:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCTAGAATGAAATCCCAT 37 3414_ProbeBGGATCACAGCCTCTACCTAGCAATGTAGGTCATT NM_178565.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCGCTCACACTCTCTG 38 150_ProbeBCCTCCCTAACCAATTGTGTCGC NM_178565.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCATCGGTTGCCTTGGC 39 641_ProbeBAGTGGCTGTAATCCATGCAGTTCAGAAT NM_178565.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCCCATTTAAATCCACA 40 1060_ProbeBTGTGCGATTATTTCTGCTACAAGTTCCCCATTCG NM_178565.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCGGCCTGTGAAACTGG 41 2289_ProbeBCTACAAGTGACTGGATATAGTCCCTCATGTTTTCA Fusion_0622.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCGGTCAGTTCAGCGC 42 69_ProbeBGATCAGCATCTCTCCGCCACGAA Fusion_0623.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCGCACCGGTCAGTTC 43 33_ProbeBAGCGCGATCAGCATCTCTCCG Fusion_0625.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCGGTCAGTTCAGCGC 44 77_ProbeBGATCAGCATCTCTCCGCCACGAAC Fusion_0624.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCGGTCAGTTCAGCGC 45 155_ProbeBGATCAGCATCTCTCCGCCACG NM_032784.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCTCCCTTCCTTTCTCCT 46 173_ProbeBCTTTCTTTTGATTGTTAATTATATTTAATGTTTT NM_032784.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCACAGTGCACAATACT 47 634_ProbeBGACACACTCCATAGTATGGTTGTTGGCTTCCAACC NM_032784.4:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCAAATCCTGTGATTCCA 48 1520_ProbeBAATGCCAGGCCCTAATTCTGAGCACTCTCTAGAT Fusion_0169.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 49 1_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion 0736.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 50 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0170.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 51 1_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0737.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 52 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0524.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 53 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0525.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 54 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0526.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 55 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0684.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 56 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA Fusion_0738.1:CGAAAGCCATGACCTCCGATCACTCCACAGCCTCCTTGGC 57 0_ProbeBAGCCTTGACTAACGTTAGGATGCA

Increased Expression of Rspo2 and Rspo3 by their 5′ Fusion Genes

The amount of Rspo2 and Rspo3 transcripts increased in about 5% and 8%of tumor samples (n=192). 5′ RACE and DNA sequencing identified that theup-regulation of Rspo2 and Rspo3 transcripts were driven by its 5′fusion gene expression.

TABLE 4 Real-time RT-PCR quantifying Rspo2 gene expression Sample GAPDHRSPO2 ΔCT GAPF108 23.2 38.4 15.3 ESPF001 21.9 36.5 14.5 LUPF016 25.640.0 14.4 LIPF236 22.8 26.3 3.6 PAPF179 23.2 26.8 3.5 LIPF088 21.5 25.03.5 PAPF004 21.2 23.7 2.4 PAPF310 21.9 24.2 2.2 ESPF014 22.2 23.4 1.2PAPF199 24.2 25.4 1.1 PAPF029 22.5 22.6 0.1 PAPF157 26.8 26.9 0.1GAPF3055 23.7 23.5 −0.2 GAPF67 22.4 19.7 −2.7 CRPF3056 23.4 19.7 −3.7CRPF2506 27.6 23.6 −4.0 GLPF0440 26.6 21.2 −5.4

Identified Novel Rspo2 and Rspo3 Transcripts

Various novel Rspo2 and Rspo3 gene fusion transcripts have beenidenfied.

TABLE 5 Novel Rspo2 and Rspo3 fusion genes 5′ gene in-frame Rspo2 EMC2exon1 exon2 yes PVT1 exon1 exon2 yes PVT1 exon1 exon2 no HNF4G exon2 yesRspo3 PTPRK Exon6x Exon2 yes PTPRK exon13 exon2 yes

Characterization of the Fusion Genes by Nanostring nCounter Assay

Tumor tissues carrying Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusion genes were used to validateNanostring nCounter genotyping assay (FIG. 3, Table 7). Fusion junctionprobes were specifically designed targeting the fusion genotypescharacterized by 5′ RACE and sequencing. The decision making steps onknown or novel Rspo2/Rspo3 fusion genotypes were illustrated in FIG. 1and FIG. 2.

The Rspo2 expression was assessed by the probes targeting exon 2, exon 5and exon 6. The start codon ATG resides in exon 2, producing full lengthrspo2 protein from the fusion genes. Rspo2 exon1 was not observed in anyRspo2 fusion genotypes, but found present only in wild type Rspo2transcripts.

The Rspo3 expression was assessed by probes targeting exon3/4 and exon5.Open reading frame Rspo3 depends on the in-frame sequence of its 5′fusion genes.

Five tumor tissues with characterized novel Rspo2 fusion genotypes andone sample with Rspo3 fusion genotypes were correctly identified withtheir fusion junctions by Nanostring nCounter genotyping assay.Correspondingly, the Rspo2 or Rspo3 expression was observed in thesesamples. Increased Rspo2 signal of L440 was found in exon1, 2, 5 and 6probes. 5′ RACE and sequencing identified that L440 predominantlycarries complete Rspo2 mRNA, and its expression was not driven by fusiongenes.

TABLE 6 Probe design for Rspo2 and Rspo3 fusion genotyping Sample DateProbes Housekeeping ACTB GAPDH Rspo2 RSPO2-1(exon1) Expression RSPO2-2a(exon2) RSPO2-3 (exon5) RSPO2-4 (exon6) EIF3Eex1-RSPO2ex2EIF3Eex1-RSPO2ex3 Rspo2 Fusion EMC2ex1-RSPO2ex2 junctionEMC2ex1-RSPO2ex3 HNF4G-RSPO2 PVT1-RSPO2ex2 PVT1-RSPO2ex3 Rspo3 RSPO3-1(exon1) Expression RPSO3-2 (exon3/4) RPSO3-3 (exon5) PTPRKe1-RSPO3e2PTPRKe13-RSPO3e2 Rspo3 Fusion PTPRKe7-RSPO3e2 junction PTPRKe6X-RSPO3e2

Example 7

PDx Efficacy Study on Rspo2/3 Fusion Models

The anti-tumor activity of CGX1321 was examined in the colorectal andgastric tumors with Rspo2 or Rspo3 fusion genes in mouse xenograftmodels. BALB/c nude mice at the age of 8-10 weeks old were inoculatedsubcutaneously on the right flank with a tumor fragment of 2×2×2 mm fortumor development. Tumor development was allowed undisrupted until themean volume reached approximately 100-150 mm³. Mice were then randomizedinto control and the treatment groups. CGX1321 was administered to thetumor-bearing mice orally for 21-28 days at predetermined regiment.Tumor measurement was conducted twice weekly with a caliper and thetumor volume (mm³) was estimated using the formula: TV=a×b²/2, where aand b are long and short diameters of a tumor, respectively. The bodyweight was assessed at the same time as the tumor measurement.

1-42. (canceled)
 43. A method for treating cancer characterized byexpression of an R-spondin fusion in a subject that has been diagnosedwith cancer and is in need of such treatment, comprising: administeringto a subject diagnosed with cancer a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist ofPorcupine, wherein said subject's cancer has been determined to have anR-spondin fusion.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said R-spondinfusion comprises: (1) a PTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 fusion; (2) a PTPRKe7-Rspo3e2fusion; (3) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (4) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e3 fusion;(5) an EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (6) a PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (7) aPVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion; (8) an HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion; (9) a PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2fusion; or (10) a PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion.
 45. The method of claim 43,wherein said subject's cancer is determined to have R-spondin mRNAexpression level that is higher than the R-spondin mRNA expression levelin a control subject that has been determined to not have a R-spondinfusion.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein: 1) said PTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 orEIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence of any one of SEQID NO.:58, SEQ ID.:59, SEQ ID NO.:62, or SEQ ID NO.: 63; 2) saidEMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:64; 3)aid PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:65;4) said PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQ IDNO.:66; 5) said HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence ofSEQ ID NO.:67; 6) said PTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junctionsequence of SEQ ID NO.:61; or 7) said PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion comprisesa junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:60.
 47. The method of claim 44,wherein said R-spondin is Rspo2 or Rsp3, and said fusion gene isoverexpressed in comparison to the R-spondin that is not fused toanother gene.
 48. The method of claim 43, wherein said Porcupineantagonist comprises: a compound of Formula (I):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄,X₅, X₆, X₇, X₈ are independently CR₄ or N; Y₁ is hydrogen or CR₄; Y₂, Y₃are independently hydrogen, halo or CR₃; R₁ is morpholinyl, piperazinyl,quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R₂ is hydrogen, halo, morpholinyl,piperazinyl, quinolinyl,

aryl, C₁₋₆ heterocycle, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1-2heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; R₃ is hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl,alkoxy or cyano; R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅,—C(O)R₅, —C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each ofwhich can be optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxyor cyano; R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substitutedwith halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano; or a compound of Formula(II):

or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X¹, X², X³ and X⁴is selected from N and CR⁷; one of X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ is N and the othersare CH; X⁹ is selected from N and CH; Z is selected from phenyl,pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl and piperazinyl; wherein each phenyl,pyrazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl or piperazinyl of Z is optionallysubstituted with an R⁶ group; R¹, R² and R³ are hydrogen; m is 1; R⁴ isselected from hydrogen, halo, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl andmethyl; R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, halo and —C(O)R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ ismethyl; and R⁷ is selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, methyl andtrifluoromethyl.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein said 5 or 6membered heteroaryl of R² of Formula (I) is selected from:

wherein, R₄ is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆alkoxy, —S(O)₂R₅, —C(O)OR₅, —C(O)R₅,—C(O)NR₆R₇, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which canbe optionally substituted with halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano;R₅, R₆ and R₇ are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl orC₂₋₆ alkynyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with halo,amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy or cyano; and R₈ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl. 50.The method of claim 48, wherein R₁ and R₂ of Formula (I) isindependently substituted with 1 or 2 R₄ groups.
 51. The method of claim48, wherein said compound is:6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;3-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile;6-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-m-tolyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;4-(5-(((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine1,1-dioxide;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyridazin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-morpholino-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;4-(8-((4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)amino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)thiomorpholine1,1-dioxide;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((3-fluoro-2′-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′-fluoro-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;4-(5-(((6-(3-fluorophenyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-yl)amino)methyl)pyridine-2-yl)thiomorpholine1,1-dioxide;N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-methylbenzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-((6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-(4-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1,6-naphthyridin-5-amine;N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;6-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-phenylisoquinolin-1-amine;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;6-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyridin-2-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(3-fluorophenyl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)isoquinolin-1-amine;N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-phenylpyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-((2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;(S)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;(R)-6-(2-methylmorpholino)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;1-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone;6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(thiazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(oxazol-5-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((3-fluoro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-(3-fluoro-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;methyl4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate;4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-2-one;2-(4-(8-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzylamino)-2,7-naphthyridin-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)acetonitrile;2-methyl-4-(4-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)phenyl)pyridine1-oxide;6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-((2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;6-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;2-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)benzonitrile;N-(3-methoxy-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-((3-chloro-2′-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)methyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;2′-methyl-5-((6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-ylamino)methyl)-2,4′-bipyridine-3-carbonitrile;andN-(4-(2-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-2,7-naphthyridin-1-amine;N-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2-[5-methyl-6-(pyridazin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]acetamide;2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide(LGK974);N-(2,3′-bipyridin-6′-yl)-2-(2′,3-dimethyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;N-(5-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2′-fluoro-3-methyl-2,4′-bipyridin-5-yl)acetamide;2-(2′-fluoro-3-methyl-24′-bipyridin-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 52. The method of f claim51, wherein said compound is2-[5-methyl-6-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-[5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]acetamide.53. The method of claim 48, wherein the therapeutically effective amountof the compound is about 0.01 to 20 mg/kg per body weight at dailydosages.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the compound from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg forhumans.
 55. The method of claim 43, wherein said cancer is colorectalcancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, intestinalcancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, orprostate cancer.
 56. A method for detecting a biomarker correlated witha cancer susceptible to treatment with an antagonist of Porcupine, themethod comprising: (a) isolating a biological sample from a subjecthaving cancer; (b) performing an assay on said biological sample todetect the presence of an R-spondin fusion.
 57. The method of claim 56,comprising detecting the presence of: (1) a PTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 fusion; (2)a PTPRKe7-Rspo3e2 fusion; (3) an EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (4) anEIF3Ee1-Rspo2e3 fusion; (5) an EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion; (6) a PVT1-Rspo2e2fusion; (7) a PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusion; (8) an HNF4G-Rspo2e2 fusion; (9) aPTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion; or (10) a PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion.
 58. Themethod of claim 56, detecting the presence of an R-spondin fusioncomprises detecting a R-spondin mRNA expression level that is higherthan the R-spondin mRNA expression level in a control subject that hasbeen determined not to have a R-spondin fusion.
 59. The method of claim57, wherein: 1) said PTPRKe1-Rspo3e2 or EIF3Ee1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprisesa junction sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO.:58, SEQ ID.:59, SEQ IDNO.:62, or SEQ ID NO.: 63; 2) said EMC2e1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprises ajunction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:64; 3) aid PVT1-Rspo2e2 fusion comprisesa junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:65; 4) said PVT1-Rspo2e3 fusioncomprises a junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:66; 5) said HNF4G-Rspo2e2fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:67; 6) saidPTPRKe13-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQ ID NO.:61;or 7) said PTPRKe6X-Rspo3e2 fusion comprises a junction sequence of SEQID NO.:60.
 60. The method of claim 56, wherein said Rspondin is Rspo2 orRsp3, and said fusion gene is overexpressed in comparision to theRspondin that is not fused to another gene.
 61. The method of 56,wherein said cancer is colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer,esophageal cancer, intestinal cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreaticcancer, endometrial cancer, or prostate cancer.
 62. A method of treatingcancer is a subject in need thereof comprising: (1) obtaining results ofan assay to detect biomarker correlated with a cancer susceptible totreatment with an antagonist of Porcupine, the method comprising: (a)isolating a biological sample from the subject having cancer; (b)performing an assay on said biological sample to detect the presence ofan R-spondin fusion; (2) selecting the subject for treatment with anantagonist of Porcupine if the presence of an R-spondin fusion has beendetected; and (3) administering a pharmaceutical composition comprisinga therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist of Porcupine.